Essay on Youth and Gun Violence - 1056 Words

Youth and Guns Imagine being able to get your hands on a gun in your community with ease when you were younger. Sounds cool right? Well, to some it might and that’s how young children are living in our communities now-a-days. Kids are able to get guns as long as they have parents with guns or the money to buy one. There aren’t enough restrictions on guns who can get a hold of them on the streets and parents aren’t doing a well enough job of hiding their guns from their children. Something needs to be done. Too many children and young adults are being injured and murdered by something that is supposed to protect them. The ease in which youths are able to possess guns needs to be stopped. The harder it is for kids to get guns, the safer†¦show more content†¦Do you own a firearm in your home? Do you have children? If you answered yes to both of those questions, are u confident the gun is out of reach of your children? A quarter of youths in the U.S. said they have easy a ccess to a firearm in their home. Dalton Taylor, a 10 year old fourth grader was shot and killed by a 12-gauge shotgun found in his house by him and friends. 82% of firearm suicides are committed by gun owned by a family member, usually parents. It’s not the parents or family members fault that these children committed suicide but if the guns were put away somewhere safe where only the parent or family member could access it, there’s a chance that they might still be here. It’s all a ripple effect. If you don’t conceal your firearms right, your child can get ahold of it. If your child gets ahold of the firearm, they could shoot or worse, kill themselves or someone else. Properly hide your firearms and there will be no gun for your child to shoot or kill anyone. Studies show some parents underestimate their children’s experience handling firearms. That’s the biggest mistake a parent can make, especially in this generations time and day. There are so many ways for a young child to learn about guns; how to use them, where to get them, how much they cost, pretty much anything. Never underestimate what your child knows about anything. They’ll surprise you. They may not know about it because they wanted to know.Show MoreRelatedCrime Prevention906 Words   |  4 Pagespast thirty years, gun-affiliated injuries and deaths have increased among youth. Most of the youth involved in accidental shootings and suicides most often acquire the gun from their own home. Hands Without Guns (HWG) was started in 1995 by the Educational Fund to End Handgun Violence, to tackle this growing problem. The mission of Hands Without Guns is to advocate a public health and education campaign to transform attitudes of 12 to 18 year old youth about violence and gun ownership by emphasizingRead MoreJuvenile Gun Violence Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Gun Violence Juvenile gun violence is an ever-increasing problem in our country. With a wave of school shooting behind us it is time to get this under control. Many studies have been done on how to effectively diminish juvenile gun violence. It is clear that this must be handled on a state and local level with the federal government backing the states. Prevention and law enforcement is the key to successfully eradicate our nation of the ugly stain caused by youth gun violence. PreventionRead MoreIs Guns Off The Streets?1159 Words   |  5 Pagesquestions roam the streets. Guns, guns, and more guns have found their way into the homes and hands of the youth and the underprivileged. Sociologist James D. Wright suggests that to convince inner-city youths not to carry guns requires convincing them that they can survive in their neighborhood without being armed, that they can come and go in peace, that being unarmed will not cause them to be victimized, intimidated, or slain. (Wright) Programs such as Youth Firearms Violence Initiative, Project SafeRead MoreViolence - Behavior Involving Physical Force1370 Words   |  6 PagesViolence – behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something. In my own words, violence – hate, gangs, guns, anger and war. Violence in Chicago – nonstop killing. Shootings and murders are through the roof in Chicago. In the past year, in 2015, there has been 29 murders, 136 sho oting victims and 119 shootings. In just this year alone, in just the first month the shooting and murders were double that. In statistics released, the Chicago Police Department reportedRead MorePolicy Evaluation And Feedback1111 Words   |  5 Pagesmore of a theory of treatment rather than a proven strategy (p.2). Thus, evaluations of such initiatives are hard to capture. Current evaluation method An ex-post analysis will consider the following in the evaluation Ceasefires impact on youth gun violence. Policy/Program Performance Effectiveness and Efficiency When the goals and objectives are specific and collaborative ideas are welcomed and practiced by all parties involved, prevention strategies will be mostly likely to be more effectiveRead MoreGun Violence Should Be Top Priority And The Reasons For My Choice757 Words   |  4 PagesAn issue in society that I feel should be highly addressed as a priority is gun violence. Gun violence should be top priority in the community and in the world from a broad perspective. The reasons for my beliefs are the fact that innocent children are dying because of ignorant acts of violence by the hands of the youth, with guns. This should be a priority, to inform the communities that educating ourselves on our youth and how they are considered the future and if we do not snatch them up and teachRead More Youth Violence Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pages Youth Violence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Youth violence is an escalating problem in American society today. There are many different factors that can be blamed for this problem. During the last decade of the twentieth century people began searching for answers to this dilemma which is haunting America. Many tragic school shootings have taken place within the last decade that have gained the attention of the public. As of now, no one can give the right answer to the problem or the reason that it happens because thereRead MoreToronto Anti Violence Intervention Strategy896 Words   |  4 Pagesearly 2006, Toronto Anti-Violence Intervention Strategy (TAVIS) is a targeted approach to policing that incorporates increased surveillance along with increased patrols in lower income neighborhoods (Siciliano, 2010). This policy is the product of a constellation of factors that includes a key triggering shootout among two rival youth gangs on Boxing Day, 2005, which resulted in the death of innocent bystander Jane C reba. I. Identification of the problem The Toronto Anti-Violence Intervention StrategyRead MoreA National Evaluation Of The Youth Firearms Violence Initiative863 Words   |  4 Pagesthis period juvenile homicides committed with a handgun also increased. A national evaluation of the Youth Firearms Violence Initiative (YFVI), a program initiated by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS), the organization who funds intervention programs. This particular program employed community policy approaches to decrease the number of violent fireman crimes committed by youth, including gang-and drug-related offenses. There are five intensive sites (Baltimore, Cleveland, InglewoodRead MoreOperation Ceasefire : A Problem Oriented Policing Intervention1701 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Operation Ceasefire is a problem-oriented policing intervention aimed at reducing youth homicide and youth firearms violence in Boston. Project design began in 1995 and it was implemented in 1996. It is based on the â€Å"pulling levers† deterrence strategy that focuses criminal justice attention on a small number of chronically offending gang-involved youth responsible for much of Boston’s youth homicide problem. This paper will explore the problem Operation Ceasefire is trying to solve and

The Causes Of Obesity And Obesity - 1032 Words

The Causes of Obesity Obesity is not just a cosmetic concern; it also increases your risk for cancer, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and muscular skeletal disorders. It is estimated that obesity affects more than a third of the American adult population and seventeen percent of the American children population (Moores, 2005). Obesity has many definitions; one of the many definitions is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. Obesity is a chronic disease, that can happen from many things, a few of those causes will be discussed throughout this essay. Obesity is calculated by body mass index. This body mass index is calculated a little†¦show more content†¦If you do not figure out the trigger, then when you quit one habit you will most likely pick up another habit, like eating candies or chewing gum. Poor Diet Poor diet choices and a sedentary lifestyle go hand in hand. If you choose a diet full of high fat and high calories and do not go out and exercise or burn off those calories and fat, then you will eventually gain weight and could become overweight or worse, obese. Most people when they go to eat, grab a fast food meal. The number of calories that is recommended for a moderately active person is 1200-1400 calories per day. If you ate three meals a day, that would be a total of 400 calories per meal. If you go to a fast food restaurant for one meal and you have a small (4.5 oz.) curly fry (414 calories) and a Jr. Roast Beef sandwich (3.1 oz.) (210 calories) with no drink you are consuming 624 calories (Solutions, 2017). If you eat out for all your meals in a day and you don’t consume anything else, drink or snack, you will consume just enough calories to burn off during a workout. Unfortunately, most people do drink with their meals and have at least one snack thru th e day. So, unless you work out hard and burn all your calories you consumed, you will have consumed too many calories to burn off, thus gaining weight. Inactive Lifestyles Most overweight/obese people do not lead active lifestyles. If you stroll upShow MoreRelatedThe Causes Of Obesity And Obesity1508 Words   |  7 PagesCauses of Obesity When it comes to people health, what usually comes up in mind? People may think of some disease, such as cancer or stroke, but nobody thinks about Obesity, which has become one of the biggest issues in America. Obesity is the accumulation of unnecessary body fat. It is a lifestyle disease that is spreading fast worldwide. This disease is affecting individuals of all age, ethnicity, and gender. As we all know, America has an extended history of solving complex problems, but it seemsRead MoreThe Causes Of Obesity And Obesity1519 Words   |  7 PagesAaron Heiden Robert S. Pilsner WR 121 17 March 2013 The Causes of Obesity Many people speculate that obesity is genetic, but is it? Is childhood obesity caused by a lack of exercise, an unhealthy diet, or both? Obese people, or more commonly referred to as fat people or overweight people, are defined as adults who’s BMI (body mass index) is over 30 percent. There have always been overweight people in human society, but the rate of growth for this percentage of our population has been steadily risingRead MoreCauses Of Obesity756 Words   |  4 Pagescosts of care for treating three diseases. Obesity, Diabetes, and high blood pressure are the most spreading diseases in the United States and cost the country a huge amount of money for treatments. Obesity or the extra weight harms health in many ways. It raises the danger of developing circumstances, such as diabetes, osteoarthritis, heart disease, and some types of cancers, to name just a few, and cuts the life distance. Treating obesity or any obesity related situations costs the country billionsRead MoreObesity : Obesity Causes And Solutions1658 Words   |  7 PagesObesity Causes and Solutions In recent decades, obesity has grown to become considered an epidemic. In Natalie Boreo’s book â€Å"Killer Fat†, she discusses this obesity epidemic along with its social, political, economic, and moral influences. A number of factors contribute to the high instances of obesity; a person’s lifestyle, eating habits, culture, sedentary behaviors, activity levels, socioeconomic status, among many others. Sociologists seek to understand the physical, emotional and social influencesRead MoreCauses and Effects of Obesity823 Words   |  3 PagesObesity occurs in all countries and it is one of the gravest problems in modern society. Mankinds around the world are concerned about obesity. One of the chief causes is unhealthy diets. Obesity is also due to lack of exercise and lack of education and awareness. Therefore obesity has various effects include risk of suffering from a range of health conditions, large fiscal expenditure on medical insurance and lack of self- esteem. One of the chief causes is unhealthy diets. There are high-calorieRead MoreCauses of Childhood Obesity630 Words   |  3 Pageshowever, can be a problem to many children. This is referred to as obesity, when it occurs among children between ages 2 and 8 it is called childhood referred. Childhood obesity has been on the rise for the past few decades and it is making the lives of children shorter. Childhood obesity can be the outcome of many influences. Economic factors, an unmonitored environment, and lack of activity, are some effects of childhood obesity. To start with, the first and major reason causing children to beRead MoreThe Chief Causes Of Obesity1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe Chief Causes of Obesity As we all know the obesity has become a great problem for many people around the world. A research shows that 34.9% of adults in the United States are obese, and the money used for health problems relating to obesity has greatly increased. The estimated cost was $147 billion in 2008, and the cost for obese people were $1,429 higher than normal people (cdc.gov). There are a lot of factors which makes many Americans obese. The chief causes of obesity are bad food choicesRead MoreCauses Of Obesity In America1030 Words   |  5 PagesObesity is a big problem in the United States today. According to Harvard Womens Health Watch, â€Å"33% of American adults are obese, compared with 15% in the late 1970s. More than 60% of women are overweight or obese†. When it comes to losing weight, many people devotedly believe in the 80/20 rule, which is what and how a person eats is 80% of the effort in losing weight. This is somewhat disconcerting if these people live in America because of th e obesity epidemic currently going on, which is causedRead MoreCauses and Effects of Obesity832 Words   |  3 PagesThe epidemic of obesity is a medical circumstance defined as excess weight in the form of fat which may impair health. (World Obesity Federation, 2012). Obesity can be calculated by BMI which is body mass index. Obesity means BMI greater than 30. (ibid). This essay will outline the causes and effects of obesity. Diet, lifestyle, toxic environment and the causes of obesity are physical, psychological and economic are impacts. One fundamental cause of obesity is diet. Adolescence is perfect exampleRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Obesity686 Words   |  3 PagesCauses and Effects of Obesity Overview Obesity according to Birmingham and Treasure means there is an excess of adipose tissue (fat) in the body (195). Today, hardly a day goes without the mention of an obesity related issue in the news. In a way, obesity is increasingly becoming a national epidemic. As medical practitioners debate on whether or not obesity should be regarded a disease, policy makers are mulling over what course of action should be adopted so as to rein in the problem of obesity

Performance Evaluation Billabong International

Question: Discuss about thePerformance Evaluationfor Billabong International. Answer: Introduction Billabong International commenced business in the year 1973 when it was established as a clothing business which was the sole business till the time of its listing on ASX in 2000. However, after going public, it has acquired a host of businesses (both domestically and internationally) and therefore has diversified into skateboard products. The company paid a huge premium for these brands and companies as these were acquired at the peak valuation but the timing of acquisition was not accurate as immediately afterwards there was the global economic crisis which had a major adverse impact on the sales of these businesses. In wake of the difficult operating climate, the company had to impair the goodwill of a host of businesses besides discontinuing the operations of some of the these businesses by liquidating them. This has had adverse impact on the financial statements of the company during the period FY2011-FY2014 (Billabong, 2015). In wake of this, the given report aims to carry out a qualitative and quantitative analysis with regards to Billabong stock so as to offer prudent investment advice to potential investor. Stock Movement The stock price movement of Billabong International during the last one year is indicated below (Yahoo Finance, 2016). It is apparent that the stock has registered negative returns and has fallen more than 50% from FY2015 highs that it attained. This is primarily on account of the weakness in the market coupled with weak trading environment for the company where recovery in the near terms looks ascertain. Quantitative Analysis In the quantitative analysis of the company, the focus of the company would be on the trend analysis in relation to the key elements of the balance sheet and the profit loss statement coupled with analysis of certain selected ratios. Key Trends from the Profit and Loss Statement Operating Revenues From FY2011 to FY2014, there is declining trend in revenues which have decreased from $ 1.687 billion in FY2011 to $ 1.027 billion in FY2014 before increasing to $ 1.056 billion in FY2015. This may be attributed to the declining demand of the products of the company coupled with discontinuation of certain businesses which the company was not in a situation to sustain. Further, considering that the majority of revenues of the company are generated from USA and Europe, the weakness in demand is expected on account of the aftermath of the global financial crisis (Billabong, 2015; 2013;2011). Other Expenses From FY2011 to FY2013, there is a surge in the other expenses which were $ 151.2 million for FY2011 but peaked to $ 934.85 million for FY2013. This surge is attributed to high amount of impairment charges primarily in the goodwill of the various acquired businesses. In FY2011, impairment of intangible assets stood at zero which increased to $ 329.93 million in FY2012 and further witnessed a surge to reach $ 604.32 million in FY2013. However, post FY2013, there is a decline in the other expenses with corresponding figures of $ 165.94 million and $ 127.68 million in FY2014 and FY2015 respectively. In FY2015, the impairment of intangibles has reduced to zero which highlights the fact that the worst may be over for the company (Billabong, 2015; 2013;2011). Finance Costs There is no particular trend with regards to finance costs. The finance costs had increased by about $ 3 million from FY2011 to FY2012 before decreasing by $ 14.3 million in FY2013. However, in FY2014, the finance cost increased by a whopping $ 56 million primarily on account of the write off in regards to the capitalized interest cost to the extent of $ 42 million approximately. Further, in FY2015, the finance costs have again come back to their normal level of $ 34 million (Billabong, 2015; 2013;2011). Net Profit There has been a declining trend in net profits from FY2011 to FY2013 as the net profit of the company has declined from $ 118.04 million in FY2011 to a loss of $ 863 million in FY2013. This is primarily on account of the huge impairment losses especially with regards to the goodwill of the businesses as has been discussed above in the other expenses. However, in FY2014, there has been a decline in losses to $ 239.93 million and further the company has returned to profit of $ 2.55 million in FY2015 (Billabong, 2015; 2013;2011). Key Trends from the Balance Sheet Statement Cash and Cash Equivalents The cash and cash equivalents have increased from $ 144.86 million at the end of FY2011 to $ 317.26 million at the end of FY2012. However, there was a decline in the cash balance to $ 113.84 million at the end of FY2013 primarily because of the intangible impairment suffered which has already been discussed above. From FY2013 onwards, there is an increasing trend in the cash and cash equivalent for the remainder period leading to June 30, 2015 (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Intangible Assets The intangible assets of the company have witnessed a decline from FY2011 to FY2013. From a level of $1.27 billion as of June 30, 2011, the intangible assets have declined to a level of $ 795.9 million and $ 212.69 million as of June 30, 2012 and Jun 30, 2013 respectively. The impairment losses have been suffered primarily on account of the diminishing valuation of the acquired businesses thus reducing the goodwill associated with these. The decline in intangible assets continued in FY2014 also to reach a level of $ 143.66 million which since then have recovered to reach $ 161.53 million as on June 30, 2015 (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Current Borrowings The current borrowing has seen an increasing trend from FY2011 to FY2013. These borrowings have increased from $ 15.26 million as on June 30, 2011 to a peak level of $ 314.56 as on June 30, 2011. This steep rise in current borrowings is attributed to the syndicate facility (secured) to the tune of $ 283.32 million. However, as on June 30, 2014, the current borrowings levels have declined to reach a level of $ 7.36 million primarily because of elimination of the previously availed syndicate facility (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Non-Current Borrowings Unlike the current borrowing, the non-current borrowing has seen an declining trend from FY2011 to FY2013 as the long term facilities were converted into short term facilities. This is apparent from the decline in debt from $ 597.9 million as of June 30, 2011 to $249.07 million as of June 30, 2012 and further to $ 5.92 million as of June 30, 2013. However from FY2014 onwards, there is again an increasing trend in non-current borrowings as the corresponding debt levels as on June 30, 2014 and 2015 are $ 404.93 million and $597.9 million respectively (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Shareholders Equity The shareholders equity has witnessed a declining trend from FY2011 to FY2014. This is apparent from the fact that as of June 30, 2011, the total shareholders equity stood at $ 1.196 billion which got reduced to $1.027 billion and $ 0.268 billion as on June 30, 2012 and June 30, 2013 respectively The huge decline in equity in FY2013 is on account of huge losses witnessed by the company on account of the impairment of the goodwill of the acquired businesses. The decline continued to caused further decline in equity in FY2014 to reach $ 0.259 billion from which there has been an improvement in shareholders equity to reach $ 0.282 billion (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). The relevant ratios for the company based on the financial statements from FY2011 to FY2015 are summarized below (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). ROA The ROA has turned negative for FY2012, FY2013 and FY2014 which may be attributed to the impairment charges with regards to goodwill to the tune of $ 934.8 million, $543.6 million and $62.4 million respectively. Further, the profit has also been negatively impacted as the discontinued businesses have led to losses to the tune of $ 179.3 million and $ 30.1 million in FY2013 and FY2014 respectively. Further, the hike in the magnitude of the ROA in FY2012, FY2013 and FY2014 is primarily on account of the decrease in total assets which in comparison to FY2012 levels have suffered a decline of 50% and in comparison to FY2013 levels have suffered a decline of 25% on a y-o-y basis (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Net Profit Margin The net profit margins for FY2012, FY2013 and FY2014 is negative which may be attributed to the impairment charges with regards to goodwill to the tune of $ 934.8 million, $543.6 million and $62.4 million respectively. Further, the profit has also been negatively impacted as the discontinued businesses have led to losses to the tune of $ 179.3 million and $ 30.1 million in FY2013 and FY2014 respectively. However, from the companys perspective it is encouraging that in FY2015, the company has again made profits which indicate that the worst is over for the company (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Inventory Turnover The inventory turnover after witnessing a slight increase in FY2012 over the levels in FY2011, further decreased in FY2013 which indicates the decrease in the demand for the products offered by the company. Otherwise also, FY2013 was financially the most difficult year for the company as it took a huge good impairment. However, in FY2014, on back of improvement in trading environment, there was an improvement in the inventory turnover which could not continue in FY2015 as the global weakness adversely impacted the sales especially in the US and Europe market (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Current Ratio The current ratio witnessed a decline from FY2011 to FY2013. This is primarily on account of increase in the current borrowing as on June 30, 2012 and June 30, 2013 as has earlier been explained in the trend analysis. Further, the current assets have also witnessed a decline primarily on account of decrease in cash and cash equivalents caused due to losses in the business. However, during FY2014 and FY2015, there has been an improvement in the current ratio even though current assets have decreased. This is primarily on the back of decrease in the current liabilities caused due to repayment of current borrowing (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). P/E ratio From a healthy price of $ 19.3 at the end of FY2011, the stock price slumped to below $ 1 levels primarily due to the huge impairment losses in FY2012 and FY2013. However, the share price has witnessed some slight improvement over the last two years as it has crossed $ 2 and is on the upside. The P/E ratio for FY2015 was 5.5 which is a huge improvement over the previous values and indicative of better times ahead for the company (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Debt Ratio While the debt ratio has remained largely constant for FY2011 and FY2012, it has increased for FY2013 which can be explained on account of the sizable decrease in the intangible assets and cash which led to a decline of almost 50% in the asset value and hence is responsible for the steep rise in the debt ratio. However, since then, the company has managed to keep the ratio under control by rationalization of the debt levels so as to improve the long term liquidity of the company (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Industry Comparison Recommendation Based on the above ratios, it is apparent that ROA and the net profit margin of the company is inferior as compared to the industry average although considering that the company is just recovering from a major write off and difficult trading conditions, it may not be an appropriate comparison. Further, the products of the company are significantly different from the normal retail company which further makes comparison difficult. Only on account of the current ratio would the firm be rated higher than the industry average but again considering the difference in business model, it is highly uncertain as to the underlying credibility in this regard (Christensen et. al., 2013). Based on the above analysis, investment should be made in the company at the current price levels but it is suitable investment only for a risky investor as the dividend payment is zero and the company has not completely recovered from the woes but the major issues have been sorted out through management change and other prompt measures to enhance operational efficiency. In wake of this, there is limited downside risk which the upside over the medium term is potentially huge (Damodaran, 2008). Hence, a buy call would be suitable for investors who can assume risk with a medium perspective. Stock Valuation Exercise Dividend paid in FY2016 = $ 0.1 Dividend growth rate = 5% pa Required rate of return = 10% pa The relevant formula for dividend discount model is shown below (Graham Smart, 2012). Intrinsic price of stock = Next year dividend /(Required rate of return Dividend growth rate) Hence, intrinsic price of stock = 0.1*1.05/(0.1-0.05) = $ 2.1 References Billabong 2015, Annual Report 2014/2015, Billabong Website, Available online from file:///C:/Users/omsairam/Downloads/20151016%20Annual%20General%20Meeting%20and%20Annual%20Reports.pdf (Accessed on October 12, 2016) Billabong 2013, Annual Report 2013/2014, Billabong Website, Available online from https://www.billabongbiz.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=154279p=irol-reportsannual (Accessed on October 12, 2016) Billabong 2011, Annual Report 2011/2012, Billabong Website, Available online from https://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/IROL/15/154279/AGM1/_20110923%20FINAL%20FULL%20FINANCIAL%20REPORT.pdf (Accessed on October 12, 2016) Christensen, M, Drew, M, Blanchi, R Ross, S 2013, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 6th eds., McGraw Hill, New York Damodaran, A 2008, Corporate Finance, 2nd eds., Wiley Publications, London Graham, J Smart, S 2012, Introduction to corporate finance, 5th eds., South-Western Cengage Learning, Sydney Yahoo Finance 2016, Billabong International, Available online from https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/BBG.AX?p=BBG.AX (Accessed on October 12, 2016)

Play Theory Tina Bruce free essay sample

Play is an important part of child development. Play provides children with natural opportunities to engage in concrete and meaningful activities that enhance physical, language, social and cognitive development. During play children increase their knowledge and understanding of self, others and physical word around them. While play children develop language skills. Children experiment with language during play and use words to express their thought and ideas. Children use language during play to solve problem and communicate their desires. Playwork practitioner includes working with children aged from birth up to five years, no never professionals working in early childhood education and care of children. Playwork is driven by the belief that the game is very valuable, high factor in the development of the child. In practise, playworkers base their work on general principles and values such as: children right, enabling the children with a chance for growing up in health and safe conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Play Theory Tina Bruce or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tina Bruce (1997) talks about free-flow play are encourages imaginative play. First experience is crucial. Bruce using what is learnt and talk about how games help children understand external pressure. Free-flow play gives kids a strong signal and a message about what you need to do now and what will be needed. While placement, a child asking to help make a paper plane. The child has clearly initiated the activity because without the childs idea wouldn’t be even thinking of paper planes. At the same time are leading possibly then providing a step-to-step guide to instruct and show a child how to fold a paper plane. Conversely other activities are setting up the physical area in a never-seen-before way of own choosing which captures childrens imaginations. Or putting a big lump of snow on a table, walking away and letting the children get on with it! In such a case, are not defining how a child interacts with it, and they are free to explore and investigate it, and adapt it, in a way of their own choosing, and establish and meet their own goals. In that sense, they are leading their own play.  The role was to provoke it. Bruce (1991) shows different ways of looking at child. As long as there is a clear way of seeing the children cannot begin to work with them. It is not easy to work in collaboration with other teachers, parents or guardians, because our assumptions about the child are crucial in shaping our practice. Bruce (1991) cites that it is easy to say that the only thing that matters in working with young children is to love them and nurture, and involvement in supporting their maximum development. There are three main attitudes towards child. The first is the empiricist shows a deficit model of child. The role of adults is to identify skill gaps to select the appropriate experience and pass them to the child. This rule came to the fore in a clear surge of traffic education in the late 1960s with Bereiter and Engelman as clear supporters. The second is a nativist suggests that human are biologically programmed to develop in a certain way. Tom Bower (1974) describes the nativist that human knowledge and human skills have been built into the structure of the body. Robert Dearden (1968) philosopher and psychologist Kathy Sylva (BAECE Lecture, 1995) suggest that nationalistic attitude has a dominant influence on the tradition of early childhood. This tradition shows that adults may interfere with the themes of children learning. The third is interactionism Bower (1975) concludes. Bower (1975) shows that not only the structure of the children interact with each other, but also to change each other. There is no interaction with what is outside, but the impact of the child through the senses. Of the early childhood tradition, an adult role is critical. Adults are not seen as instructors empiricist distribution of information and knowledge. This is seen as a mechanism in which children can develop their own strategies, initiatives and responses, and build up their own rules, which allow for their development. The key to the interactionist approach to early childhood education is based on the concept of reciprocity or give and take, it means that sometimes a child leads, and sometimes an adult. As many a Statement of Educational needs say children have a right to access the National Curriculum, practitioner required to deliver it to them as well as can. This puts the National Curriculum at the centre of what to do. However, if think back to what Tina Bruce says about the curriculum the National Curriculum is only a part of what are about. Practitioner must not get side tracked into focusing on a narrow band of content. Bruce (1997) People have personal theories about how children develop and learn, but do not always realize that they have. This is a good solution for those who do not work with children, but it is not right if they are. Bruce (2006) To work with children, it is important to have a sense of professional identify, and be able to locate each other so that the practice is compatible and has internal logic, so that it does not arise out of fashion education. This will ensure that the practice does not work rutine.People should consider and discuss their practice together child at the centre to self evaluate. It is important playworkers main task is to support the childrens playground. Playworkers are other aspects of their work. For example, to administrations, teamwork and management responsibilities, they must carry out their work with due reference to the relevant provisions. They need to know their responsibilities for health and safety, child protection, equal opportunities, registration and control and so on. Playworker aspects of work are similar to other work with children and young people, although from the point of view of the introduction of the game at the heart of everything they do. Bob Hughes (2001) said playworkers are responsible for the physical and emotional safety, and intervene to prevent damage. Reflective practice is an essential element of good practice playwork. Children are human beings to each other, and engage in the game for many reasons, including the construction of their own social life, such as children, the causes of therapeutic, cultural and recreational activities, as well as the exploration and understanding. Given the variety of games, its unpredictability and its role in the lives of children, the role of playworker is complex and sometimes contradictory. Playworkers should understand the art of creating physical and affective environment that support a wide range of experience in the area as possible.