Essay on Youth and Gun Violence - 1056 Words

Youth and Guns Imagine being able to get your hands on a gun in your community with ease when you were younger. Sounds cool right? Well, to some it might and that’s how young children are living in our communities now-a-days. Kids are able to get guns as long as they have parents with guns or the money to buy one. There aren’t enough restrictions on guns who can get a hold of them on the streets and parents aren’t doing a well enough job of hiding their guns from their children. Something needs to be done. Too many children and young adults are being injured and murdered by something that is supposed to protect them. The ease in which youths are able to possess guns needs to be stopped. The harder it is for kids to get guns, the safer†¦show more content†¦Do you own a firearm in your home? Do you have children? If you answered yes to both of those questions, are u confident the gun is out of reach of your children? A quarter of youths in the U.S. said they have easy a ccess to a firearm in their home. Dalton Taylor, a 10 year old fourth grader was shot and killed by a 12-gauge shotgun found in his house by him and friends. 82% of firearm suicides are committed by gun owned by a family member, usually parents. It’s not the parents or family members fault that these children committed suicide but if the guns were put away somewhere safe where only the parent or family member could access it, there’s a chance that they might still be here. It’s all a ripple effect. If you don’t conceal your firearms right, your child can get ahold of it. If your child gets ahold of the firearm, they could shoot or worse, kill themselves or someone else. Properly hide your firearms and there will be no gun for your child to shoot or kill anyone. Studies show some parents underestimate their children’s experience handling firearms. That’s the biggest mistake a parent can make, especially in this generations time and day. There are so many ways for a young child to learn about guns; how to use them, where to get them, how much they cost, pretty much anything. Never underestimate what your child knows about anything. They’ll surprise you. They may not know about it because they wanted to know.Show MoreRelatedCrime Prevention906 Words   |  4 Pagespast thirty years, gun-affiliated injuries and deaths have increased among youth. Most of the youth involved in accidental shootings and suicides most often acquire the gun from their own home. Hands Without Guns (HWG) was started in 1995 by the Educational Fund to End Handgun Violence, to tackle this growing problem. The mission of Hands Without Guns is to advocate a public health and education campaign to transform attitudes of 12 to 18 year old youth about violence and gun ownership by emphasizingRead MoreJuvenile Gun Violence Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Gun Violence Juvenile gun violence is an ever-increasing problem in our country. With a wave of school shooting behind us it is time to get this under control. Many studies have been done on how to effectively diminish juvenile gun violence. It is clear that this must be handled on a state and local level with the federal government backing the states. Prevention and law enforcement is the key to successfully eradicate our nation of the ugly stain caused by youth gun violence. PreventionRead MoreIs Guns Off The Streets?1159 Words   |  5 Pagesquestions roam the streets. Guns, guns, and more guns have found their way into the homes and hands of the youth and the underprivileged. Sociologist James D. Wright suggests that to convince inner-city youths not to carry guns requires convincing them that they can survive in their neighborhood without being armed, that they can come and go in peace, that being unarmed will not cause them to be victimized, intimidated, or slain. (Wright) Programs such as Youth Firearms Violence Initiative, Project SafeRead MoreViolence - Behavior Involving Physical Force1370 Words   |  6 PagesViolence – behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something. In my own words, violence – hate, gangs, guns, anger and war. Violence in Chicago – nonstop killing. Shootings and murders are through the roof in Chicago. In the past year, in 2015, there has been 29 murders, 136 sho oting victims and 119 shootings. In just this year alone, in just the first month the shooting and murders were double that. In statistics released, the Chicago Police Department reportedRead MorePolicy Evaluation And Feedback1111 Words   |  5 Pagesmore of a theory of treatment rather than a proven strategy (p.2). Thus, evaluations of such initiatives are hard to capture. Current evaluation method An ex-post analysis will consider the following in the evaluation Ceasefires impact on youth gun violence. Policy/Program Performance Effectiveness and Efficiency When the goals and objectives are specific and collaborative ideas are welcomed and practiced by all parties involved, prevention strategies will be mostly likely to be more effectiveRead MoreGun Violence Should Be Top Priority And The Reasons For My Choice757 Words   |  4 PagesAn issue in society that I feel should be highly addressed as a priority is gun violence. Gun violence should be top priority in the community and in the world from a broad perspective. The reasons for my beliefs are the fact that innocent children are dying because of ignorant acts of violence by the hands of the youth, with guns. This should be a priority, to inform the communities that educating ourselves on our youth and how they are considered the future and if we do not snatch them up and teachRead More Youth Violence Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pages Youth Violence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Youth violence is an escalating problem in American society today. There are many different factors that can be blamed for this problem. During the last decade of the twentieth century people began searching for answers to this dilemma which is haunting America. Many tragic school shootings have taken place within the last decade that have gained the attention of the public. As of now, no one can give the right answer to the problem or the reason that it happens because thereRead MoreToronto Anti Violence Intervention Strategy896 Words   |  4 Pagesearly 2006, Toronto Anti-Violence Intervention Strategy (TAVIS) is a targeted approach to policing that incorporates increased surveillance along with increased patrols in lower income neighborhoods (Siciliano, 2010). This policy is the product of a constellation of factors that includes a key triggering shootout among two rival youth gangs on Boxing Day, 2005, which resulted in the death of innocent bystander Jane C reba. I. Identification of the problem The Toronto Anti-Violence Intervention StrategyRead MoreA National Evaluation Of The Youth Firearms Violence Initiative863 Words   |  4 Pagesthis period juvenile homicides committed with a handgun also increased. A national evaluation of the Youth Firearms Violence Initiative (YFVI), a program initiated by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS), the organization who funds intervention programs. This particular program employed community policy approaches to decrease the number of violent fireman crimes committed by youth, including gang-and drug-related offenses. There are five intensive sites (Baltimore, Cleveland, InglewoodRead MoreOperation Ceasefire : A Problem Oriented Policing Intervention1701 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Operation Ceasefire is a problem-oriented policing intervention aimed at reducing youth homicide and youth firearms violence in Boston. Project design began in 1995 and it was implemented in 1996. It is based on the â€Å"pulling levers† deterrence strategy that focuses criminal justice attention on a small number of chronically offending gang-involved youth responsible for much of Boston’s youth homicide problem. This paper will explore the problem Operation Ceasefire is trying to solve and

The Causes Of Obesity And Obesity - 1032 Words

The Causes of Obesity Obesity is not just a cosmetic concern; it also increases your risk for cancer, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and muscular skeletal disorders. It is estimated that obesity affects more than a third of the American adult population and seventeen percent of the American children population (Moores, 2005). Obesity has many definitions; one of the many definitions is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. Obesity is a chronic disease, that can happen from many things, a few of those causes will be discussed throughout this essay. Obesity is calculated by body mass index. This body mass index is calculated a little†¦show more content†¦If you do not figure out the trigger, then when you quit one habit you will most likely pick up another habit, like eating candies or chewing gum. Poor Diet Poor diet choices and a sedentary lifestyle go hand in hand. If you choose a diet full of high fat and high calories and do not go out and exercise or burn off those calories and fat, then you will eventually gain weight and could become overweight or worse, obese. Most people when they go to eat, grab a fast food meal. The number of calories that is recommended for a moderately active person is 1200-1400 calories per day. If you ate three meals a day, that would be a total of 400 calories per meal. If you go to a fast food restaurant for one meal and you have a small (4.5 oz.) curly fry (414 calories) and a Jr. Roast Beef sandwich (3.1 oz.) (210 calories) with no drink you are consuming 624 calories (Solutions, 2017). If you eat out for all your meals in a day and you don’t consume anything else, drink or snack, you will consume just enough calories to burn off during a workout. Unfortunately, most people do drink with their meals and have at least one snack thru th e day. So, unless you work out hard and burn all your calories you consumed, you will have consumed too many calories to burn off, thus gaining weight. Inactive Lifestyles Most overweight/obese people do not lead active lifestyles. If you stroll upShow MoreRelatedThe Causes Of Obesity And Obesity1508 Words   |  7 PagesCauses of Obesity When it comes to people health, what usually comes up in mind? People may think of some disease, such as cancer or stroke, but nobody thinks about Obesity, which has become one of the biggest issues in America. Obesity is the accumulation of unnecessary body fat. It is a lifestyle disease that is spreading fast worldwide. This disease is affecting individuals of all age, ethnicity, and gender. As we all know, America has an extended history of solving complex problems, but it seemsRead MoreThe Causes Of Obesity And Obesity1519 Words   |  7 PagesAaron Heiden Robert S. Pilsner WR 121 17 March 2013 The Causes of Obesity Many people speculate that obesity is genetic, but is it? Is childhood obesity caused by a lack of exercise, an unhealthy diet, or both? Obese people, or more commonly referred to as fat people or overweight people, are defined as adults who’s BMI (body mass index) is over 30 percent. There have always been overweight people in human society, but the rate of growth for this percentage of our population has been steadily risingRead MoreCauses Of Obesity756 Words   |  4 Pagescosts of care for treating three diseases. Obesity, Diabetes, and high blood pressure are the most spreading diseases in the United States and cost the country a huge amount of money for treatments. Obesity or the extra weight harms health in many ways. It raises the danger of developing circumstances, such as diabetes, osteoarthritis, heart disease, and some types of cancers, to name just a few, and cuts the life distance. Treating obesity or any obesity related situations costs the country billionsRead MoreObesity : Obesity Causes And Solutions1658 Words   |  7 PagesObesity Causes and Solutions In recent decades, obesity has grown to become considered an epidemic. In Natalie Boreo’s book â€Å"Killer Fat†, she discusses this obesity epidemic along with its social, political, economic, and moral influences. A number of factors contribute to the high instances of obesity; a person’s lifestyle, eating habits, culture, sedentary behaviors, activity levels, socioeconomic status, among many others. Sociologists seek to understand the physical, emotional and social influencesRead MoreCauses and Effects of Obesity823 Words   |  3 PagesObesity occurs in all countries and it is one of the gravest problems in modern society. Mankinds around the world are concerned about obesity. One of the chief causes is unhealthy diets. Obesity is also due to lack of exercise and lack of education and awareness. Therefore obesity has various effects include risk of suffering from a range of health conditions, large fiscal expenditure on medical insurance and lack of self- esteem. One of the chief causes is unhealthy diets. There are high-calorieRead MoreCauses of Childhood Obesity630 Words   |  3 Pageshowever, can be a problem to many children. This is referred to as obesity, when it occurs among children between ages 2 and 8 it is called childhood referred. Childhood obesity has been on the rise for the past few decades and it is making the lives of children shorter. Childhood obesity can be the outcome of many influences. Economic factors, an unmonitored environment, and lack of activity, are some effects of childhood obesity. To start with, the first and major reason causing children to beRead MoreThe Chief Causes Of Obesity1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe Chief Causes of Obesity As we all know the obesity has become a great problem for many people around the world. A research shows that 34.9% of adults in the United States are obese, and the money used for health problems relating to obesity has greatly increased. The estimated cost was $147 billion in 2008, and the cost for obese people were $1,429 higher than normal people (cdc.gov). There are a lot of factors which makes many Americans obese. The chief causes of obesity are bad food choicesRead MoreCauses Of Obesity In America1030 Words   |  5 PagesObesity is a big problem in the United States today. According to Harvard Womens Health Watch, â€Å"33% of American adults are obese, compared with 15% in the late 1970s. More than 60% of women are overweight or obese†. When it comes to losing weight, many people devotedly believe in the 80/20 rule, which is what and how a person eats is 80% of the effort in losing weight. This is somewhat disconcerting if these people live in America because of th e obesity epidemic currently going on, which is causedRead MoreCauses and Effects of Obesity832 Words   |  3 PagesThe epidemic of obesity is a medical circumstance defined as excess weight in the form of fat which may impair health. (World Obesity Federation, 2012). Obesity can be calculated by BMI which is body mass index. Obesity means BMI greater than 30. (ibid). This essay will outline the causes and effects of obesity. Diet, lifestyle, toxic environment and the causes of obesity are physical, psychological and economic are impacts. One fundamental cause of obesity is diet. Adolescence is perfect exampleRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Obesity686 Words   |  3 PagesCauses and Effects of Obesity Overview Obesity according to Birmingham and Treasure means there is an excess of adipose tissue (fat) in the body (195). Today, hardly a day goes without the mention of an obesity related issue in the news. In a way, obesity is increasingly becoming a national epidemic. As medical practitioners debate on whether or not obesity should be regarded a disease, policy makers are mulling over what course of action should be adopted so as to rein in the problem of obesity

Performance Evaluation Billabong International

Question: Discuss about thePerformance Evaluationfor Billabong International. Answer: Introduction Billabong International commenced business in the year 1973 when it was established as a clothing business which was the sole business till the time of its listing on ASX in 2000. However, after going public, it has acquired a host of businesses (both domestically and internationally) and therefore has diversified into skateboard products. The company paid a huge premium for these brands and companies as these were acquired at the peak valuation but the timing of acquisition was not accurate as immediately afterwards there was the global economic crisis which had a major adverse impact on the sales of these businesses. In wake of the difficult operating climate, the company had to impair the goodwill of a host of businesses besides discontinuing the operations of some of the these businesses by liquidating them. This has had adverse impact on the financial statements of the company during the period FY2011-FY2014 (Billabong, 2015). In wake of this, the given report aims to carry out a qualitative and quantitative analysis with regards to Billabong stock so as to offer prudent investment advice to potential investor. Stock Movement The stock price movement of Billabong International during the last one year is indicated below (Yahoo Finance, 2016). It is apparent that the stock has registered negative returns and has fallen more than 50% from FY2015 highs that it attained. This is primarily on account of the weakness in the market coupled with weak trading environment for the company where recovery in the near terms looks ascertain. Quantitative Analysis In the quantitative analysis of the company, the focus of the company would be on the trend analysis in relation to the key elements of the balance sheet and the profit loss statement coupled with analysis of certain selected ratios. Key Trends from the Profit and Loss Statement Operating Revenues From FY2011 to FY2014, there is declining trend in revenues which have decreased from $ 1.687 billion in FY2011 to $ 1.027 billion in FY2014 before increasing to $ 1.056 billion in FY2015. This may be attributed to the declining demand of the products of the company coupled with discontinuation of certain businesses which the company was not in a situation to sustain. Further, considering that the majority of revenues of the company are generated from USA and Europe, the weakness in demand is expected on account of the aftermath of the global financial crisis (Billabong, 2015; 2013;2011). Other Expenses From FY2011 to FY2013, there is a surge in the other expenses which were $ 151.2 million for FY2011 but peaked to $ 934.85 million for FY2013. This surge is attributed to high amount of impairment charges primarily in the goodwill of the various acquired businesses. In FY2011, impairment of intangible assets stood at zero which increased to $ 329.93 million in FY2012 and further witnessed a surge to reach $ 604.32 million in FY2013. However, post FY2013, there is a decline in the other expenses with corresponding figures of $ 165.94 million and $ 127.68 million in FY2014 and FY2015 respectively. In FY2015, the impairment of intangibles has reduced to zero which highlights the fact that the worst may be over for the company (Billabong, 2015; 2013;2011). Finance Costs There is no particular trend with regards to finance costs. The finance costs had increased by about $ 3 million from FY2011 to FY2012 before decreasing by $ 14.3 million in FY2013. However, in FY2014, the finance cost increased by a whopping $ 56 million primarily on account of the write off in regards to the capitalized interest cost to the extent of $ 42 million approximately. Further, in FY2015, the finance costs have again come back to their normal level of $ 34 million (Billabong, 2015; 2013;2011). Net Profit There has been a declining trend in net profits from FY2011 to FY2013 as the net profit of the company has declined from $ 118.04 million in FY2011 to a loss of $ 863 million in FY2013. This is primarily on account of the huge impairment losses especially with regards to the goodwill of the businesses as has been discussed above in the other expenses. However, in FY2014, there has been a decline in losses to $ 239.93 million and further the company has returned to profit of $ 2.55 million in FY2015 (Billabong, 2015; 2013;2011). Key Trends from the Balance Sheet Statement Cash and Cash Equivalents The cash and cash equivalents have increased from $ 144.86 million at the end of FY2011 to $ 317.26 million at the end of FY2012. However, there was a decline in the cash balance to $ 113.84 million at the end of FY2013 primarily because of the intangible impairment suffered which has already been discussed above. From FY2013 onwards, there is an increasing trend in the cash and cash equivalent for the remainder period leading to June 30, 2015 (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Intangible Assets The intangible assets of the company have witnessed a decline from FY2011 to FY2013. From a level of $1.27 billion as of June 30, 2011, the intangible assets have declined to a level of $ 795.9 million and $ 212.69 million as of June 30, 2012 and Jun 30, 2013 respectively. The impairment losses have been suffered primarily on account of the diminishing valuation of the acquired businesses thus reducing the goodwill associated with these. The decline in intangible assets continued in FY2014 also to reach a level of $ 143.66 million which since then have recovered to reach $ 161.53 million as on June 30, 2015 (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Current Borrowings The current borrowing has seen an increasing trend from FY2011 to FY2013. These borrowings have increased from $ 15.26 million as on June 30, 2011 to a peak level of $ 314.56 as on June 30, 2011. This steep rise in current borrowings is attributed to the syndicate facility (secured) to the tune of $ 283.32 million. However, as on June 30, 2014, the current borrowings levels have declined to reach a level of $ 7.36 million primarily because of elimination of the previously availed syndicate facility (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Non-Current Borrowings Unlike the current borrowing, the non-current borrowing has seen an declining trend from FY2011 to FY2013 as the long term facilities were converted into short term facilities. This is apparent from the decline in debt from $ 597.9 million as of June 30, 2011 to $249.07 million as of June 30, 2012 and further to $ 5.92 million as of June 30, 2013. However from FY2014 onwards, there is again an increasing trend in non-current borrowings as the corresponding debt levels as on June 30, 2014 and 2015 are $ 404.93 million and $597.9 million respectively (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Shareholders Equity The shareholders equity has witnessed a declining trend from FY2011 to FY2014. This is apparent from the fact that as of June 30, 2011, the total shareholders equity stood at $ 1.196 billion which got reduced to $1.027 billion and $ 0.268 billion as on June 30, 2012 and June 30, 2013 respectively The huge decline in equity in FY2013 is on account of huge losses witnessed by the company on account of the impairment of the goodwill of the acquired businesses. The decline continued to caused further decline in equity in FY2014 to reach $ 0.259 billion from which there has been an improvement in shareholders equity to reach $ 0.282 billion (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). The relevant ratios for the company based on the financial statements from FY2011 to FY2015 are summarized below (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). ROA The ROA has turned negative for FY2012, FY2013 and FY2014 which may be attributed to the impairment charges with regards to goodwill to the tune of $ 934.8 million, $543.6 million and $62.4 million respectively. Further, the profit has also been negatively impacted as the discontinued businesses have led to losses to the tune of $ 179.3 million and $ 30.1 million in FY2013 and FY2014 respectively. Further, the hike in the magnitude of the ROA in FY2012, FY2013 and FY2014 is primarily on account of the decrease in total assets which in comparison to FY2012 levels have suffered a decline of 50% and in comparison to FY2013 levels have suffered a decline of 25% on a y-o-y basis (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Net Profit Margin The net profit margins for FY2012, FY2013 and FY2014 is negative which may be attributed to the impairment charges with regards to goodwill to the tune of $ 934.8 million, $543.6 million and $62.4 million respectively. Further, the profit has also been negatively impacted as the discontinued businesses have led to losses to the tune of $ 179.3 million and $ 30.1 million in FY2013 and FY2014 respectively. However, from the companys perspective it is encouraging that in FY2015, the company has again made profits which indicate that the worst is over for the company (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Inventory Turnover The inventory turnover after witnessing a slight increase in FY2012 over the levels in FY2011, further decreased in FY2013 which indicates the decrease in the demand for the products offered by the company. Otherwise also, FY2013 was financially the most difficult year for the company as it took a huge good impairment. However, in FY2014, on back of improvement in trading environment, there was an improvement in the inventory turnover which could not continue in FY2015 as the global weakness adversely impacted the sales especially in the US and Europe market (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Current Ratio The current ratio witnessed a decline from FY2011 to FY2013. This is primarily on account of increase in the current borrowing as on June 30, 2012 and June 30, 2013 as has earlier been explained in the trend analysis. Further, the current assets have also witnessed a decline primarily on account of decrease in cash and cash equivalents caused due to losses in the business. However, during FY2014 and FY2015, there has been an improvement in the current ratio even though current assets have decreased. This is primarily on the back of decrease in the current liabilities caused due to repayment of current borrowing (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). P/E ratio From a healthy price of $ 19.3 at the end of FY2011, the stock price slumped to below $ 1 levels primarily due to the huge impairment losses in FY2012 and FY2013. However, the share price has witnessed some slight improvement over the last two years as it has crossed $ 2 and is on the upside. The P/E ratio for FY2015 was 5.5 which is a huge improvement over the previous values and indicative of better times ahead for the company (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Debt Ratio While the debt ratio has remained largely constant for FY2011 and FY2012, it has increased for FY2013 which can be explained on account of the sizable decrease in the intangible assets and cash which led to a decline of almost 50% in the asset value and hence is responsible for the steep rise in the debt ratio. However, since then, the company has managed to keep the ratio under control by rationalization of the debt levels so as to improve the long term liquidity of the company (Billabong, 2015; 2013; 2011). Industry Comparison Recommendation Based on the above ratios, it is apparent that ROA and the net profit margin of the company is inferior as compared to the industry average although considering that the company is just recovering from a major write off and difficult trading conditions, it may not be an appropriate comparison. Further, the products of the company are significantly different from the normal retail company which further makes comparison difficult. Only on account of the current ratio would the firm be rated higher than the industry average but again considering the difference in business model, it is highly uncertain as to the underlying credibility in this regard (Christensen et. al., 2013). Based on the above analysis, investment should be made in the company at the current price levels but it is suitable investment only for a risky investor as the dividend payment is zero and the company has not completely recovered from the woes but the major issues have been sorted out through management change and other prompt measures to enhance operational efficiency. In wake of this, there is limited downside risk which the upside over the medium term is potentially huge (Damodaran, 2008). Hence, a buy call would be suitable for investors who can assume risk with a medium perspective. Stock Valuation Exercise Dividend paid in FY2016 = $ 0.1 Dividend growth rate = 5% pa Required rate of return = 10% pa The relevant formula for dividend discount model is shown below (Graham Smart, 2012). Intrinsic price of stock = Next year dividend /(Required rate of return Dividend growth rate) Hence, intrinsic price of stock = 0.1*1.05/(0.1-0.05) = $ 2.1 References Billabong 2015, Annual Report 2014/2015, Billabong Website, Available online from file:///C:/Users/omsairam/Downloads/20151016%20Annual%20General%20Meeting%20and%20Annual%20Reports.pdf (Accessed on October 12, 2016) Billabong 2013, Annual Report 2013/2014, Billabong Website, Available online from https://www.billabongbiz.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=154279p=irol-reportsannual (Accessed on October 12, 2016) Billabong 2011, Annual Report 2011/2012, Billabong Website, Available online from https://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/IROL/15/154279/AGM1/_20110923%20FINAL%20FULL%20FINANCIAL%20REPORT.pdf (Accessed on October 12, 2016) Christensen, M, Drew, M, Blanchi, R Ross, S 2013, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 6th eds., McGraw Hill, New York Damodaran, A 2008, Corporate Finance, 2nd eds., Wiley Publications, London Graham, J Smart, S 2012, Introduction to corporate finance, 5th eds., South-Western Cengage Learning, Sydney Yahoo Finance 2016, Billabong International, Available online from https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/BBG.AX?p=BBG.AX (Accessed on October 12, 2016)

Play Theory Tina Bruce free essay sample

Play is an important part of child development. Play provides children with natural opportunities to engage in concrete and meaningful activities that enhance physical, language, social and cognitive development. During play children increase their knowledge and understanding of self, others and physical word around them. While play children develop language skills. Children experiment with language during play and use words to express their thought and ideas. Children use language during play to solve problem and communicate their desires. Playwork practitioner includes working with children aged from birth up to five years, no never professionals working in early childhood education and care of children. Playwork is driven by the belief that the game is very valuable, high factor in the development of the child. In practise, playworkers base their work on general principles and values such as: children right, enabling the children with a chance for growing up in health and safe conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Play Theory Tina Bruce or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tina Bruce (1997) talks about free-flow play are encourages imaginative play. First experience is crucial. Bruce using what is learnt and talk about how games help children understand external pressure. Free-flow play gives kids a strong signal and a message about what you need to do now and what will be needed. While placement, a child asking to help make a paper plane. The child has clearly initiated the activity because without the childs idea wouldn’t be even thinking of paper planes. At the same time are leading possibly then providing a step-to-step guide to instruct and show a child how to fold a paper plane. Conversely other activities are setting up the physical area in a never-seen-before way of own choosing which captures childrens imaginations. Or putting a big lump of snow on a table, walking away and letting the children get on with it! In such a case, are not defining how a child interacts with it, and they are free to explore and investigate it, and adapt it, in a way of their own choosing, and establish and meet their own goals. In that sense, they are leading their own play.  The role was to provoke it. Bruce (1991) shows different ways of looking at child. As long as there is a clear way of seeing the children cannot begin to work with them. It is not easy to work in collaboration with other teachers, parents or guardians, because our assumptions about the child are crucial in shaping our practice. Bruce (1991) cites that it is easy to say that the only thing that matters in working with young children is to love them and nurture, and involvement in supporting their maximum development. There are three main attitudes towards child. The first is the empiricist shows a deficit model of child. The role of adults is to identify skill gaps to select the appropriate experience and pass them to the child. This rule came to the fore in a clear surge of traffic education in the late 1960s with Bereiter and Engelman as clear supporters. The second is a nativist suggests that human are biologically programmed to develop in a certain way. Tom Bower (1974) describes the nativist that human knowledge and human skills have been built into the structure of the body. Robert Dearden (1968) philosopher and psychologist Kathy Sylva (BAECE Lecture, 1995) suggest that nationalistic attitude has a dominant influence on the tradition of early childhood. This tradition shows that adults may interfere with the themes of children learning. The third is interactionism Bower (1975) concludes. Bower (1975) shows that not only the structure of the children interact with each other, but also to change each other. There is no interaction with what is outside, but the impact of the child through the senses. Of the early childhood tradition, an adult role is critical. Adults are not seen as instructors empiricist distribution of information and knowledge. This is seen as a mechanism in which children can develop their own strategies, initiatives and responses, and build up their own rules, which allow for their development. The key to the interactionist approach to early childhood education is based on the concept of reciprocity or give and take, it means that sometimes a child leads, and sometimes an adult. As many a Statement of Educational needs say children have a right to access the National Curriculum, practitioner required to deliver it to them as well as can. This puts the National Curriculum at the centre of what to do. However, if think back to what Tina Bruce says about the curriculum the National Curriculum is only a part of what are about. Practitioner must not get side tracked into focusing on a narrow band of content. Bruce (1997) People have personal theories about how children develop and learn, but do not always realize that they have. This is a good solution for those who do not work with children, but it is not right if they are. Bruce (2006) To work with children, it is important to have a sense of professional identify, and be able to locate each other so that the practice is compatible and has internal logic, so that it does not arise out of fashion education. This will ensure that the practice does not work rutine.People should consider and discuss their practice together child at the centre to self evaluate. It is important playworkers main task is to support the childrens playground. Playworkers are other aspects of their work. For example, to administrations, teamwork and management responsibilities, they must carry out their work with due reference to the relevant provisions. They need to know their responsibilities for health and safety, child protection, equal opportunities, registration and control and so on. Playworker aspects of work are similar to other work with children and young people, although from the point of view of the introduction of the game at the heart of everything they do. Bob Hughes (2001) said playworkers are responsible for the physical and emotional safety, and intervene to prevent damage. Reflective practice is an essential element of good practice playwork. Children are human beings to each other, and engage in the game for many reasons, including the construction of their own social life, such as children, the causes of therapeutic, cultural and recreational activities, as well as the exploration and understanding. Given the variety of games, its unpredictability and its role in the lives of children, the role of playworker is complex and sometimes contradictory. Playworkers should understand the art of creating physical and affective environment that support a wide range of experience in the area as possible.

Chairman of Carmen Company Essays

Chairman of Carmen Company Essays Chairman of Carmen Company Essay Chairman of Carmen Company Essay Market analysis report to the Chairman of Carmen Company describing the current market with suggestions which will facilitate to ensure a successful launch of their new products. This report is going to discuss two of Carmens rival, Flora and Fine and compare their products to Carmens. Our report is based upon the market research we carried out in Metro Maadi. Products sold by Flora and Fine: Both these tissue paper companies produce a variety of tissue papers which are targeted at different classes of Egypt. First of all there is the facial box which is mainly targeted at the higher income groups and is more expensive than other tissue products. This type of product is made for keeping in the house, perhaps ad a piece of decoration. The packaging of this product is also better to attract the attention of the higher income groups. Facial boxes are the main product for Fine as this is their major production. On the other hand Flora specialises in the small pocket packets which are targeted at the lower income groups of Egypt. These are also popular because they have a re-sealable flap. This particular product is becoming popular in Egypt as it is cheap compared to other products. This is because it has a cheap package. Flora also has started to produce a large number of toilet rolls. Assessment of Packaging: We observed the different variety of tissue papers manufactured by these two rivals. First of all we will compare the facial boxes; Fine has only one main design for facial boxes which is very colourful and had attracting pictures of flowers. This particular box of 200 tissues is worth L.E 2.50; this is a good decoration and attracts the upper class. On the other hand, Flora has three different designs for their facial box; the first on is the cheapest and has a very basic design with one colour (red, blue or green), this does not look attractive and may be aimed at lower level. The second one is more expensive and has a better looking design perhaps targeted at a higher class; this one has white background with sunflowers on it. The third one is definitely the most attractive and is probably for keeping as a decoration piece as well. This is the most expensive of them all, probably because of the packaging which has colourful flowers on the box. Promotion / advertisement methods: These days there is very little or no advertisement done by Fine or Flora. However, abut a year ago Flora was advertising a lot on Egyptian television but Fine has never been actively advertising. We recommend Carmen to use heavy advertisement when they launch their newly designed products to remind people about Carmen and to give them a taste of the quality. Currently in metro no promotional methods are being used by either of the two companies. However there is a new company called Klenex who are currently using a buy on get on free promotion. This is because it is a new company and wants to look for customers. We recommend Carmen to use these promotional techniques mainly for the cheaper products so that they attract lots of lower income groups as they will be interested in more quantity and less price. This will also help them acquire a good brand name. Pricing: The price difference between these two companies may not make a difference to people like us but it does to low class people and they are very picky about price. They are not bothered about the quality; they want quantity and low price. We examined the prices for the facial boxes and found out that both companies have different prices for different qualities. Fine has one box for L.E 1.95 and the other one for L.E 2.50. The first one is aimed at the lower class and is probably of lower quality than the second. Flora has one facial box which is for L.E 2.25 and they have another box for aimed at children with Disney pictures on it. This is priced at L.E 2.75 and probably is of higher quality as children need softer tissues. Shelf space: Fine and Flora by far had the majority of the shelf space in Metro with Zeina having quite little space. Between Fine and Flora, Flora had a bit of more shelf space mostly because of the different variety of tissue papers manufactured by Flora. While viewing the customers buying the different tissue products we noticed that Flora was being bought most with Fine very close to it. Most of customers buying Fine were only interested in the facial box; on the other hand Flora had customers buying toilet rolls, pocket packs, and facial boxes which show that in a close battle Flora dominate. Survey: The survey we carried out while we were carrying out market research was basically about what brand they are loyal to and what products the like to buy. The results from our survey showed that most people buy facial packs from Fine as they find that the quality is quite good and the prices are lower that Flora, however most of the people surveyed said that they buy the toilet rolls and the pocket packs from Flora as they are of good standard and well priced. When children were interviewed they preferred Flora as Flora has Disney facial boxes which attract the children. Overall our report showed that Flora is a little more popular than Fine. USP: Fine does not have a unique product of any kind, that might be the reason why Flora has more popularity. Flora has a extremely fundamental unique product which no other tissue company in Egypt does. They manufacture a special facial box for children with Disney cartoons so that kids are attracted and force their parents to buy that specific one. Overall brand image: We believe that both Flora and Fine are extremely important competitors to Carmen and both are pretty much equal to each other. However we also believe that through advertising, using different designs and having an important USP Flora have created a better brand name for themselves than Fine. Conclusion/ recommendations: After all the market research we have a few recommendations for Carmen which might help them successfully launch their new products. First of all we think that the Egyptian people need to be reminded of Carmen which will include heavy advertisement and promotional techniques at the beginning of the launch. Manufacturing a USP, something that is different from rival will give Carmen a huge edge. Further more we wish Carmen all the best for a successful launch of their new products and hope that they are appreciated by the public. We also recommend Carmen to use market pricing at first so that they are aware of what price people are willing to pay for a product. This will ensure and guarantee sales which are what Carmen would want in the first few weeks of launching their products. After the new products are established then using competitive pricing would be good.

10 requisitos para visa E2 de inversionistas para USA

10 requisitos para visa E2 de inversionistas para USA La visa E-2 permite a los empresarios extranjeros que invierten en Estados Unidos  y a sus familias vivir y trabajar legalmente en el paà ­s. El emprendedor o emprendedora y su cà ³nyuge podrn permanecer en Estados Unidos indefinidamente mientras se cumplan todos los requisitos de la visa. Los hijos del emprendedor podrn permanecer en los Estados Unidos con una visa derivada del estatus de inversionista de su padre o madre mientras permanezcan solteros y tengan menos de 21 aà ±os cumplidos. Los titulares de una visa E-2 podrà ­an incluso solicitar una  visa B-1 para los  empleados domà ©sticos que ya tienen en el paà ­s de origen y que quieren que les acompaà ±en a Estados Unidos, como por ejemplo nià ±eras de los hijos. Caracterà ­sticas y requisitos de la visa E2 para inversionista en Estados Unidos Si est  interesado en vivir en Estados Unidos y tiene dinero para invertir una cantidad moderada y habilidades para gestionar un negocio, la E2 puede ser la visa adecuada. Antes de comenzar el proceso conviene saber las caracterà ­sticas bsicas y requisitos de la visa: 1. Es una visa no inmigrante. Esto quiere decir que debe ser renovada perià ³dicamente y que no es una tarjeta de residencia  (tambià ©n conocida como greencard). La visa E2 tampoco ofrece un camino directo hacia la residencia legal permanente ni la ciudadanà ­a americana. 2. Se trata de convertirse en propietario de un negocio. El negocio se puede crear partiendo de cero o tambià ©n es posible comprar un negocio ya existente. Incluso es posible utilizar estas visas para enviar a trabajar a empleados de una empresa a una subsidiaria de la misma en Estados Unidos. Lo que no se permite es aplicar por la E-2 para gestionar un negocio que se ha heredado en Estados Unidos. El negocio sà ­ puede ser una franquicia. Estas son las consideras como las 10 mejores franquicias en el paà ­s. 3. El negocio debe ser real y activo. Debe producir un bien o un servicio. Adems, debe contar con todos los permisos y licencias necesarios para operar. No puede tratarse de una organizacià ³n sin fines de lucro. Estos son 21 ejemplos de negocios reales  creados por inversionistas con visa E-2. Y para darle forma jurà ­dica, estos son los 10 tipos de empresas que existen en Estados Unidos. En este punto es muy importante entender que una inversià ³n inmobiliaria por sà ­ misma no es suficiente para poder solicitar u obtener la visa E-2. Es necesario que se trate de un negocio inmobiliario. 4. Tamaà ±o del negocio. La ley guarda silencio en este punto y no exige un tamaà ±o mà ­nimo. Sin embargo, sà ­ es estrictamente necesario que genere beneficios que van ms all de meramente cubrir los gastos y necesidades del inversor y su familia. Es ms, se pide que se produzca lo que se denomina una contribucià ³n importante a la economà ­a. Este requisito se suele considerar como cumplido cuando el negocio genera empleo contratando a ciudadanos americanos. En la presentacià ³n de la documentacià ³n para solicitar la visa habr que presentar un plan de negocio a cinco aà ±os en el que se contemple el nà ºmero de puestos de trabajo que se van a crear. Por lo tanto, es muy importante que la empresa sea exitosa. Por ello conviene conocer cules son los estados en los que es ms fcil hacer negocios  y cules son los ms dificultosos. 5. Cantidad a invertir. La ley no establece una cantidad mà ­nima pero habla de que tiene que ser substancial, que puede variar segà ºn el tipo de negocio. Infà ³rmese sobre el significado de este requisito de cantidad. 6. Paà ­ses de los que debe ser nacional el inversor. Estos son los paà ­ses de habla hispana cuyos nacionales pueden aplicar a esta visa: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Espaà ±a, Honduras, Mà ©xico, Panam y Paraguay. Puede tambià ©n  verificar el listado de todos los paà ­ses, cà ³mo afecta la doble nacionalidad y obtener ms informacià ³n sobre el monto de la inversià ³n. 7.  Origen del dinero de la inversià ³n. Obviamente, debe ser legal. Adems, debe pertenecer al inversionista (ahorros, herencias, inversiones) o incluso pueden llegar a admitirse prà ©stamos. 8. Familia del inversionista. El esposo, la esposa y los hijos menores de 21 aà ±os de los inversionistas pueden contar con una visa derivada para vivir en Estados Unidos. El cà ³nyuge podr solicitar, una vez en Estados Unidos, un permiso de trabajo que le permitir trabajar para otra empresa, para la de su pareja o incluso crear su propio negocio. Los hijos solo podrn gozar de esta visa hasta los 21 aà ±os, a partir de esa edad tendrn que salir del paà ­s o contar con otro visado que les permita permanecer en Estados Unidos. Por su edad probablemente estn en edad escolar. Es muy importante familiarizarse con el sistema educativo cuanto antes. 9. Es una visa posible pero complicada. Es altamente recomendable contactar con un bufete de abogados especialistas en este tipo de casos antes de hacer cualquier inversià ³n en Estados Unidos con intencià ³n de conseguir esta visa. El abogado debe, como mà ­nimo, ofrecer servicio de anlisis del negocio y si puede calificar para obtener la aprobacià ³n de las autoridades de inmigracià ³n. Tambià ©n debe completar toda la documentacià ³n, colaborar en la preparacià ³n de la entrevista que se va a llevar a cabo en el consulado correspondiente, y resolver todas las dudas del potencial inversor referentes a inmigracià ³n. El abogado debe ser el punto de contacto con las oficinas del gobierno para resolver los problemas que puedan surgir durante el proceso. Si es posible, el interesado debe contactar a ms de un profesional y comparar servicios y reputacià ³n en esta clase de casos, que son muy especà ­ficos. 10. Diferencias con la visa EB-5.  Ambas son visas para inversionistas, pero la E-2 es de no inmigrante mientras que la EB-5 da derecho a obtener una tarjeta de residencia. Adems, hay una gran diferencia en los requisitos de la cantidad de inversià ³n entre una y otra. A tener en cuenta: otras opciones de visa y de paà ­ses Una visa similar pero diferente es la E-1 para comerciantes bajo tratado. Est pensada para los negocios de importacià ³n/exportacià ³n. En los casos en los que ni la E-1 ni la E-2 son una opcià ³n, usted puede considerar estos  8 posibles caminos para obtener una visa y crear una empresa en Estados Unidos. Adems, si est dispuesto a emigrar a un paà ­s que no sea Estados Unidos, tambià ©n  conviene que se familiarice con los programas de estos 20 paà ­ses en los que es posible obtener la ciudadanà ­a (pasaporte) o  la residencia por inversià ³n. Si finalmente la decisià ³n es Estados Unidos, es importante que se familiarice cuando antes con aspectos legales, migratorios y econà ³micos del paà ­s. El  conocimiento a tiempo har la vida ms fcil y fluida. Si el inversor se decide a solicitar la visa, una vez que llenar la peticià ³n puede verificar por su estatus por internet. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The implications of the deviations of the purchasing power Essay

The implications of the deviations of the purchasing power - Essay Example The deviation from PPP will also result in the variation of operating margins significantly. This will in turn affect the competitiveness of the multi-national companies. The main reason for the failure of Law of One Price is the presence of transaction cost. When the deviation of the exchange rate from PPP raises, arbitrage forces will later on become more strong. For a company who deals with differentiated goods, by grouping under one category, the PPP will deviate and this will result in increase in arbitrage forces.Question 2: You are hired by a South African firm with all local costs that has recently entered the export market. The firm prices their contracts in US$, as this is necessary to gain market share. They now realize that with 25% of sales as exports, they face a reasonably sized exchange rate exposure and are not sure whether they should hedge it or not. Knowing that you have training in international financial management, they ask you for advice. Provide a summary of your response on the types of foreign exchange risk this company faces and whether the firm should hedge the exposure. The Company Faces Transaction Risk and Economic Risk:â€Å"Transaction risk, which is basically cash ï ¬â€šow risk, deals with the effect of exchange rate moves on transactional account exposure related to receivables (export contracts), payables (import contracts), or repatriation of dividends. An exchange rate change in the currency of denomination of any such contract will result in a direct transaction exchange rate risk to the ï ¬ rm†.

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 26

Reflection Paper - Essay Example Consequently, their action may be misguided. I concur with the conclusion that love is not for amateurs. Love certainly needs persons who can differentiate it and react accordingly. It is easy for young people to confuse infatuation and romantic love. They may end up acting in an irresponsible manner in order to attract whoever they think they are in love with. The information on love is well stipulated, highlighting the different types so that people can distinguish the love they feel based on their circumstances. From this differentiation, there is no doubt that communication, being bi-lingual and avoiding the temptation to â€Å"mind-read† promotes healthy relationships. I find it particularly important for people with related feelings to communicate about it so as to avoid desperate or inappropriate ways to show it. I affirm that sex is mainly the activity taken up by many people who hope to show they love someone romantically. The adolescents stage present major difficulties to parents and educators as there are so many changes that occur in the adolescents. There is prevalent emotional instability among the adolescents. Embarking to educate them about their sexuality, the changes that they are likely to undergo and appropriate actions to take are of sheer importance. It is important that they learn about their bodies and learn to appreciate themselves the way they are. I firmly hold that a high self-esteem among the teenagers is one way to avoid participating in irresponsible sexual activities or poor social development. Certainly, the education can help them to know that sex is never a way to show love. Adolescent girls need to know this so as to avoid early pregnancies or contacting diseases that may jeopardize their futures. I agree with the deduction that parents are the chief sex educators for their children. They need to provide their children with information about their sexuality. Additionally, the fact that early experiences, attitudes,

Applications of Information Technology Essay Example for Free

Applications of Information Technology Essay Driving force in educational reform Students have many opportunities to learn the basic computer skills to facilitate their learning. Multimedia learning centre (MMLC) in secondary school Classroom with a projector 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT at Home ? Smart home technology ?Allows people to control household and other domestic appliances over the Internet ? Personal computer ?Has become a necessity for many households 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT at Home ? Personal computer Uses of personal computer 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT at Home ? Home office ?Refers to a small computerized office setup at home ?Self-employed persons can work at home and communicate with others through the Internet. Clients Self-employed person Colleagues 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Public Places ? Information kiosk ?Provides information on nearby facilities in public places ? Electronic Money ?Can be used for petty cash payments ?Example: Octopus Octopus Kiosks 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Public Places Internet access service ?It is provided in various public places. ?The public can obtain information from the Internet more conveniently. Internet access service in public area 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? Office automation ?Office automation helps office workers improve working efficiency productivity, data security and communications with others An automated office 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? Intranet ?A private and small-scale Internet of an organization ?Helps improve workflow and enables efficient collaboration and  communication. Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? E-commerce ?Refers to commercial activities carried out in an electronic network ?The Internet is now the most popular way to conduct e-commerce. e-bay, a popular online auction site 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? E-commerce We can also purchase groceries online (http://www. wellcome. com. hk) We can book tickets online (http://www. cityline. com. hk) Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Government ? Information technology has become an  important means of providing government services. ? Under the ‘2004 Digital 21 Strategy’, the Hong Kong SAR government has committed to developing e-government. 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Government ? Electronic Service Delivery ?A web site that provides a wide range of government information and services ?The services include, application for government job vacancies payment of government bills purchasing books making appointments for The use of public services 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Government ? Employers concerned about exposing of company confidentials More difficult for employers to monitor work progress 1. 2 Information Technology and the Information Age ? Digital Divide ? Describes the growing gap between those people who can access and make effective use of IT and those who cannot ? Separate people into two groups ?Internet users ?Non-Internet users.

Justice in Euripides Medea :: Euripides Medea Essays

Justice in Euripides' Medea How do we define reason as just? When asked this question, it really makes you begin to wonder how to depict what one might think is just. In the story of Medea, reason is what drives many of the characters actions. For example, the reason that Jason leaves Medea for Creon's daughter is for his own benefit. Is that just? Medea then kills Creon and his daughter for revenge against Jason. Is that just?. Throughout the whole story, you are torn with emotions between the characters. At first, you feel sorry for Medea. Her husband, who she has saved from death, has left her for another woman. She has been "all/obediant" their entire marriage, transforming herself into the sort of wife required by society. You can't help but sympathize with her. As she is "Faced with her husband's cold pragmatism, Medea responds according to her nature." Euripides really stresses the "otherness" of Medea's nature: she is "of a different kind", described in terms of nature and animals: she is "a rock or wave of the sea'", "like a wild bull", "a tiger". Yes, she is a little dangerous, but she is driven by her hear; that vital force which distinguishes the body from the corpse and has been crushed by Jason's betrayal. Later in the story, our sympathy transfers from Medea to Jason. Her revenge turns immoral, leaving readers with a sense of uneasiness. It is not so much the fact that she kills Creon and his daughter, but the fact that she slays her children in cold-blood. The stories characters, Medea and Jason, can be seen as representations of two different responses to life. For hundreds of years, society has judged each others actions and reactions based on just cause. This story, to me, has a type of underlying theme that drags the reader into a moral debate, which forces you to really question your own belief system. Today, we see it everywhere. On reality tv, court tv, and even on the news. We are constantly required to judge peoples actions as just or unjust. Justice in Euripides' Medea :: Euripides Medea Essays Justice in Euripides' Medea How do we define reason as just? When asked this question, it really makes you begin to wonder how to depict what one might think is just. In the story of Medea, reason is what drives many of the characters actions. For example, the reason that Jason leaves Medea for Creon's daughter is for his own benefit. Is that just? Medea then kills Creon and his daughter for revenge against Jason. Is that just?. Throughout the whole story, you are torn with emotions between the characters. At first, you feel sorry for Medea. Her husband, who she has saved from death, has left her for another woman. She has been "all/obediant" their entire marriage, transforming herself into the sort of wife required by society. You can't help but sympathize with her. As she is "Faced with her husband's cold pragmatism, Medea responds according to her nature." Euripides really stresses the "otherness" of Medea's nature: she is "of a different kind", described in terms of nature and animals: she is "a rock or wave of the sea'", "like a wild bull", "a tiger". Yes, she is a little dangerous, but she is driven by her hear; that vital force which distinguishes the body from the corpse and has been crushed by Jason's betrayal. Later in the story, our sympathy transfers from Medea to Jason. Her revenge turns immoral, leaving readers with a sense of uneasiness. It is not so much the fact that she kills Creon and his daughter, but the fact that she slays her children in cold-blood. The stories characters, Medea and Jason, can be seen as representations of two different responses to life. For hundreds of years, society has judged each others actions and reactions based on just cause. This story, to me, has a type of underlying theme that drags the reader into a moral debate, which forces you to really question your own belief system. Today, we see it everywhere. On reality tv, court tv, and even on the news. We are constantly required to judge peoples actions as just or unjust.

Discrimination and Stereotyping

Prejudice, stereotype and discrimination are merely against for anyone for any reasons as they were defined(Rand, Sowell, & Epstein, 2007). Prejudice, a feeling based not a belief based, is referred to as unconstructive judgment or opinion figured out lacking familiarity and knowledge on facts. It is only a feeling based on assumptions without considering any prior facts about the group being prejudge. Prejudice is often based on stereotype. One great cause of prejudice is the differences on skills, talents, beliefs and experience even though sometimes these differences benefit us.For an instance, on social classes, we feel wealthy classes are said to be superior to any other classes in society. Stereotype is referred to conventional opinion as any mental image of social group regardless of individual differences. At some point, stereotype can also be seen in positive outlook, for an instance the stereotype for Asian Americans being good in the field of Mathematics. Stereotype is som etimes the foundation of prejudice. Discrimination being known to as prejudice in action, it referred to as the unlikely treatment for other people in terms of race, culture or religion.An example is the discrimination on African Americans due to their color, treating them unequally from the White Americans(Educators, 2006). Prejudice, stereotype and discriminations have some negative impacts on the society as they may are said to be harmful behaviors. It may lead to limitations of opportunities for people who said to be of lesser standard than others (Phone, 2007). The limitations may be of many cases like in popularity, achieving no equal rights to gain popularity. In employment and promotion, only those think and believe to be capable of the job were brought in to employment and get promoted.In having rights and power, like the black who does not have equal privileges as white ones. The Scenerio Prejudice, stereotype and discrimination on the scenario or case of Elizabeth who is a second-grade school teacher is exemplified. There exists discrimination when he only praises Walt than Ricky, just because Ricky comes from a lower class society and on the other hand Walt from middle class, Elizabeth provides not equal treatment as should praise both of them when answers correctly and should giving a helping hand for both of the students whenever they commit mistake which was merely opposite to the scenario.The action done by Elizabeth is the harmful behavior of discrimination. She shows no favorable response for Ricky being in the lower class. Stereotypically speaking, the scenario shows stereotype behavior because Elizabeth believes that Walt has greater knowledge the Ricky. Elizabeth may be in doubt of Ricky’s intelligence that is why she does have not significant time praising him and helping him and not giving equal chances for both students to show what they have got..And also the prejudice behavior relates with stereotype, while Elizabeth believes n ot for Ricky’s capabilities, she does a pre judgment that maybe Ricky will took hard time to cope up even though it is only his opinion. And that opinion may lead to hasty generalization or wrong generalization. The scenario or case being tackled is only one of those situations that involve prejudice, stereotype and discrimination. The case may affect both students, Walt and Ricky, but in opposite and much different manner. For Walt, it may be a positive effect on him for instance that he may live a world with praises which can help him develop self esteem.On the other hand, Ricky might suffer fear of interacting with other people of different class with him. He may become a victim of limitations from opportunities as one of the main result of prejudice, stereotype and discrimination. He might also lose his privilege and freedom to learn and also his right as a child to new more about his world and surroundings. Implicit Association Test In connection with prejudice, stereoty pe and discrimination, I took the Implicit Association Test. This test shows whether I had hidden biases towards different people. In the IAT, I took the Weapons (‘Weapons – Harmless Objects' IAT) .An IAT which require the ability to recognize White and Black faces and associate them with images of weapons or harmless objects. The result of my test was your data suggest a slight association of Black Americans with Weapons compared to White Americans (corp. , 2007). The result dictates that I slightly relate harmful objects with Black Americans which I think not necessary true to myself. Maybe the pressure of doing the test with time limit also affects the result because of my eagerness to finish the test. I don’t consider Black Americans as harmful people and so I assume that the research tool was not accurate.The Implicit Association test is I can say a not reliable or accurate tool to be used. Many things could affect the result, it can be affected by being rig ht handed or left handed either. The key we are able to press most likely just conform to our most used hand or finger. Another one was the pressure on time, where it is also stated there that we just need to press the right key in a short time. Even though as I have said not accurate tool to used, It is only matters for the reason the it is an interesting and enjoying tool for us to know about our hidden biases on different races, culture or religion. Reference: corp., I. (2007). You have completed the Race – Weapons IAT. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 29, 2007 from https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/Study?tid=-1. Educators. (2006). Dealing with Stereotyping, Prejudice, Discrimination, and Scapegoating [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 29, 2007 from http://www.esrnational.org/antidiscriminationlesson.htm. Phone, K. H. (2007). Violence/Abuse [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 29, 2007 from http://kidshelp.sympatico.ca/en/informed/sub_prejudices.asp?sec=3&sb=2. Rand, A., Sowell, T., & Epstein, R. (2007). Ethnic Prejudice, Stereotypes, Discrimination, and the Free Market [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 29, 2007 from http://www.friesian.com/discrim.htm. Â  

How does the body obtain and utilise energy? Essay

The cardiovascular system The myocardium, commonly referred to as the heart, acts as a pump for transporting blood around the body via a collective system, known as the cardiovascular system. This system has various components; blood vessels; mainly arteries, veins and capillaries. The cardiovascular system has four main functions within the body. Firstly to transport dissolved oxygen, hormones, nutrients, salts, enzymes and urea to cells located around various places within the body, whilst at the same time eliminating any waste products such as carbon dioxide and water. Secondly, to protect the body from infection and blood loss. Thirdly, to distribute heat around the body to enable a healthy temperature of 37oc and finally to aid the body to maintain fluid balance. This ‘human pump’ can be regarded as two pumps. The fist sized organ contains two muscular chambers; the upper chamber; the atrium and the lower; the ventricle. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the veins to the lungs for oxygenation, whilst the left side pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body. It is important to note that the two sides are separated by a septum. The blood flows through the heart twice within one cycle, this is known as ‘double circulation’. The cardiovascular system carries oxygen and glucose to the cells and transports waste products such as co2 and urea away from the cells and to other parts of the body, such as the lungs and kidneys. Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP, is a chemical energy that is produced when nutrient molecules are burnt. ATP is constantly being produced on a daily basis due to the breakdown of glucose. Glucose is a sugar which is the main  source of energy for the body. Glucose is broken down and the energy from the glucose molecule chemical bonds are released and utilized by the cell to produce ATP molecules. Catabolism is a metabolic action that breaks down more complex molecules, such as lipids and proteins and transforms them into simpler molecules, such as fatty acids and amino acids in order to release energy. The breakdown of food allows energy to be released as the foods molecules’ bonds are breaking. This energy is then utilized to refine the bonds that have been broken to enable an increase of ATP to be created. More energy can be produce when oxygen is present. An aerobic production of ATP takes place within the mitochondria. The broken down food molecules enter the blood stream. The blood is a liquid which is made up of red and white cells. The red blood cells are attached to a protein called hemoglobin, (which is responsible for giving blood its red appearance) oxygen is present within these red blood cells. Glucose is dissolved in the plasma. Plasma consist of water, fats, proteins and salts. Plasma is responsible for transporting blood cells throughout the body and nutrients i.e. glucose, It also transports waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins and hormones. Iron is also present within red blood cells and iron attracts oxygen. The cells require oxygen to produce energy. The body would not receive the nutrients it needs if the cardiovascular system was not in place, therefore it is essential. The cardiovascular system is dependent on metabolic reactions. The heart itself needs ATP to function therefore the CV system would not work without the products of metabolism. The digestive system The digestive system consist of various organs such as, the pancreas, stomach and gall bladder, which all work together to convert food into energy and to extract the vital nutrients that the body requires to function efficiently. The digestive system has several components which all have their own duties to carry out in order to break down the food step by step. Although digestion has several steps there are two main forms of digestion that these  steps fall into. The first form being; mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking the food into smaller pieces by chewing. The second form being; chemical digestion. This involves breaking down the food into simpler nutrients with the assistance of digestive enzymes such as, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Digestive enzymes are proteins that break up large molecules of food into smaller molecules to enable them to be absorbed and used by the cells in the form of nutrition. The digestive tract plays a vital role within the digestive system, it is a tube that is responsible for passing the food to be further broken down. It consist of; the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, the small and large intestines and the anus. The other organs that work within the digestive system include; teeth, tongue, three pairs of salivary glands, the liver, the pancreas and the gall bladder. The teeth cut and grind the food in order for it to be swallowed, the salivary glands also produce and secrete salvia to aid the swallowing. As stated before there are three salivary glands which all carry out a different function; the parotid, which produces amylase in order to digest the carbohydrates. The submandibular provides mucin as a form of lubrication for the food bolus to travel down the esophagus to the stomach. Finally, the submandibular which secretes mucus. The tongues job is to roll and mix the food into a formulae known as bolus, which consists of small pieces of  mashed up f ood. Once the bolus is made, the tongue pushes it towards the pharynx and into the esophagus during the process of swallowing. The esophagus takes the food down to the stomach. The stomach is where the food is churned and mixed together with gastric fluids, such as enzymes and hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach walls to make a paste like substance known as chyme. The alimentary canal is the small intestine. The alimentary canal is a tube that flows from the mouth to the anus. It consist of three parts; the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The duodenum is attached to the stomach and is majorly involved in the breaking down process. Digestive enzymes are secreted by the pancreas to the duodenum. These enzymes are responsible for breaking down proteins, fats and carbohydrates. The pancreas also performs the role of producing insulin,  which is the main hormone responsible for metabolizing sugar, secreting it directly into the bloodstream. The jejunum and the ileum absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream. Contents of the small intestine initially begin semi-solid and transform into complete liquid form after passing through the organ. Water, bile enzymes and mucus are responsible for the change in consistency. The villi are vital for the absorption of digestive nutrients. The cells of the villi transport the food from the digestive tract into the bloodstream where the body can utilize them efficiently. The villi increase the surface area of the small intestine, they also contain specialized cells which transfer various types of nutrients into the blood. The liver then takes over and processes the absorbed nutrients from the small intestine. Liver also secrets bile into the small intestine which aids in the digestion of fats. There is a muscular tube known as the colon, which provides a pathway from the small intestine to the rectum. The large intestine plays a crucial role within the digestive system, it is responsible for processing waste which allows the emptying of the bowels to be easy and efficient. Undigested food is transferred from the small intestine to the large intestine. Once in the large intestine water is reabsorbed and undigested food and fibre are eliminated. After this process the food waste products harden and turn into faeces. Which are finally excreted via the anus. Once food has completed the process of digestion and has completely broken down, energy is provided to enable physical activity from walking to talking, from sports to working. Food provides the energy that is essential for everyday tasks. It also provides energy for involuntary activities such as, thinking, breathing, nerves, organs (especially the heart) to carry out their functions and the ability to build and repair tissues.

ESL Learners Test Preparation

ESL Learners Test Preparation Its important to prepare well for big tests - especially for exams like the TOEFL, IELTS or Cambridge First Certificate (FCE). This guide will help you take steps towards doing your very best on the big day. Know Your Test First things first: Find out about the test! Reading test-specific preparation materials will help you understand your strengths and weaknesses on specific topic areas covered in the test. Understanding which types of problems are easiest and which are most difficult will help you develop a study plan for the test. While developing your plan, take note of grammar, vocabulary, listening, speaking and writing expectations. Also, take note of specific exercise types on your exam. Preparing for the TOEFLPreparing for the First Certificate ExamPreparing for the IELTS Practice, Practice, Practice Once you have established a study plan, youll need to do lots of practice. Practice begins with understanding the subjects that will be included in reading, writing and listening. If youre not taking a course, using advanced level resources at this site can help you study up and practice grammar, build vocabulary, as well as improve writing techniques and listening skills. Advanced Grammar ResourcesAdvanced Writing ResourcesAdvanced Vocabulary Resources Practice Specific Types of Test Problems So youve studied up on your grammar, writing, and vocabulary, now youll need to apply these skills to specific types of exercises you will find on your exam. There are a number of free and paid resources available on the Internet. Cambridge Exams Practice Materials Take Practice Tests After you have become familiar with the types of exercises on your test, youll want to practice taking the test as often as possible. For this purpose, the best thing to do is purchase one of the many books that provide practice tests for the TOEFL, IELTS or Cambridge Exams. Top TOEFL Study MaterialsTop First Certificate Study Materials Prepare Yourself - Test Taking Strategy Shortly before the big day, youll also want to spend some time developing specific test taking skills. These skills include strategies on multiple choice questions, timing, and other issues. Effective Test Taking Strategies Prepare Yourself - Understand the Test Structure When you understand the general techniques required to do well on a test, youll also want to study specific exercise techniques to help you develop a strategy for each type of question. These links focus on specific exercises that youll find on the Cambridges First Certificate Exam. However, these types of exercises are found on most of the major exams in one form or another.

English Contractions for ESL

English Contractions for ESL English contractions are shortened forms of helping or auxiliary verbs in both positive and negative sentences. Contractions are generally used in spoken English, but not in formal written English. However, written English is becoming more informal (emails, notes to friends, etc.) and you will often see these forms in print. Heres an example from a business email: Ive been working on a new project. It hasnt been easy, but next week Ill finish. This example shows three contractions: Ive / hasnt / Ill. Learn the rules of contraction use in English below. Each of the following English contractions includes an explanation of the full form and example sentences to provide context for understanding. Positive Contractions Im : Im waiting for my friend.Ill : Ill see you tomorrow.Id : Id better leave now. OR Id already eaten by the time he arrived.Ive : Ive worked here for many years. Youre : Youre joking!Youll : Youll be sorry!Youd : Youd left before he arrived, hadnt you? OR Youd better hurry up.Youve : Youve been to London many times. Hes : Hes on the phone now. OR Hes been playing tennis since 10 this morning.Hell : Hell be here tomorrow.Hed : Hed prefer to meet you later in the week. OR Hed finished before the meeting began. Shes : Shes watching TV at the moment. OR Shes had a lot of trouble lately.Shell : Shell be at the meeting.Shed : Shed been working for two hours when he telephoned. OR Shed like to have a glass of wine. Its : Its been long time since we saw each other last. OR Its very difficult to concentrate.Itll : Itll be here soon.Itd : Itd be difficult to say no. OR Itd been a long time. Were : Were working hard on the Smith account this week.Well : Well begin when he arrives.Wed : Wed better hurry up if we want to catch the train. OR Wed finished the meeting before you arrived.Weve : Weve been waiting for you! Theyre : Theyre studying German this afternoon.Theyll : Theyll finish soon if they concentrate.Theyd : Theyd eaten their lunch when she stopped by to say hello. OR Theyd rather not come to the meeting.Theyve : Theyve just purchased a new home. Theres : Theres a hotel in the next town. OR Theres been too many telephone calls today!Therell : Therell be a price to pay!Thered : Thered better be a good explanation for this. OR Thered be some reason for that. Thats : Thats been on my mind lately. OR Thats why I cant come.Thatll : Thatll happen sooner than you think.Thatd : Thatd be the reason why. OR Thatd happened before my time. Negative Contractions arent : They arent coming next week.cant : I cant understand you.couldnt : He couldnt get his shoes on!didnt : We didnt visit Rome. We went straight to Florence.doesnt : He doesnt play golf.dont : They dont like cheese.hadnt : I hadnt thought of that!hasnt : She hasnt telephoned yet.isnt : She isnt listening to you.mustnt : Children mustnt play with fire.neednt : You neednt worry about that.shouldnt : You shouldnt smoke cigarettes.wasnt : I wasnt joking when I said that.werent : They werent invited to the party.wont : I wont be able to attend the conference.wouldnt : She wouldnt be surprised if he showed up at the party. Contractions in Speech English learners should become familiar with contractions in order to understand the grammar of what is said quickly. Native English speakers tend to speak quickly and glide over function words such as helping verbs. Most English contractions are contractions of helping verbs, so an understanding of the role these contracted helping verbs play in grammar can help you better understand spoken English. English learners should feel free to use contractions whenever they speak, but the use of contractions is not required. If you prefer to speak using full helping verb forms, continue to do so, but become familiar with contractions in order to help your understanding.

Current event analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Current event analysis - Essay Example The article argues that the study is highly significant as the prevalence of alcoholism and depression is frequently interrelated, and no substantial treatments have yet been designed to specifically address this diagnosis. The study was conducted by Helen Pettinati Ph.D. and her associates at the University of Pennsylvania. In addition to receiving the medical treatments, the patients underwent cognitive-behavioral therapy. Over a fourteen week period, one-hundred seventy people were tested, using four treatment groups. All four treatment groups demonstrated improvements. While all four groups demonstrated improvements, the group that received the combined treatment demonstrated the highest rate of abstinence and also had the longest intervals in between drinking. The difference in intervals was extreme, with the average interval for patients with the combined drug 61 days; while the other groups combined was 15 days. While the article states that the combined treatment was most effective in reducing adverse side effects (namely hospitalization for rehabilitation), it neglects to mention if there were new side effects from the combination of the drugs. It also doesn’t neglect if research is looking into a hybrid drug that would function to treat alcoholism and depression

Advanced Nurse Practitioners effective in the A&E environment Dissertation

Advanced Nurse Practitioners effective in the A&E environment - Dissertation Example Definition of Nursing - Nursing is an art and a science. - Earlier emphasis was on the care of sick patient; now the promotion of health is stressed. - British Nurses Association definition, 2003: Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual and potential health problems. Roles of Nursing Whether in hospital-based or community health care setting, nurses assume three basic roles: - Practitioner-involves actions that directly meet the health care and nursing needs of patients, families, and significant others; includes staff nurses at all levels of the clinical ladder, advanced practice nurses, and community-based nurses. - Leader-involves actions such as deciding, relating, influencing, and facilitating that affect the actions of others and are directed toward goal determination and achievement; may be a formal nursing leadership role or an informal role periodically assumed by the nurse. - Researcher-involves actions taken to implement studies to determine the actual effects of nursing care to further the scientific base of nursing; can include all nurses, not just academicians, nurse scientists, and graduate nursing students. History of Nursing - The first nurses were trained by religious institutions to care for patients; no standards or educational basis. - In 1873, Florence Nightingale developed a model for independent nursing A & E department to teach critical thinking, attention to the patient's individual needs, and respect for the patient's rights. - During the early 2003s, hospitals used nursing students as cheap labor and most graduate nurses were privately employed to provide care in the home. - After World War II, technological advancements brought more skilled and specialized care to... A & E departments in hospitals throughout the UK, such as investor-owned organizations and corporation chains, earn profit through aggressive marketing and pricing strategies. Emergency room visits to these facilities result in more inpatient admissions than in other (20 percent more) or public hospitals. And, once patients are in the hospital, professionally managed A & E departments more frequently utilize profitable ancillary services--such as the pharmacy, clinical laboratories, and diagnostic radiology --than do other ownership groups. Further, they charge approximately 80 percent more than publics and 38 percent more than A & E departments in downtown UK hospitals for inpatient ancillary services. Profits are also generated through lower salaries and lower staff-to-patient ratios. Though professionally managed A & E departments tend to have smaller facilities than A & E departments in UK hospitals, they utilize a higher proportion of space for patient care. Nurses, although are cost-effective but difficult to maintain and support in the A & E department, their presence is more likely to help the hospital/A & E Department be accredited than otherwise in various hospitals (Gray 2003). Based on a 2002 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations study, whereas 14 percent of all hospitals are for-profit, 18 percent of accredited hospitals are for-profit. In contrast, whereas 59 percent of all hospitals are other, only 57 percent of accredited hospitals are.

Human Resource Management Roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resource Management Roles - Essay Example It should be noted that the needs of the diverse workforce are often contrasting in nature and hence HRM has a major role to play in managing such diverse workforce in healthcare industry. This paper briefly analyses the role of HRM in healthcare industry. The importance of communication between employees in healthcare industry is more than that in any other industry. Since healthcare professionals are dealing with human life, any error or mistake in communication may cost valuable lives. HR managers are responsible for providing ample training to the diverse workforce for the enhancement of communication. â€Å"A properly trained and competent workforce is essential to any successful health care system† (Kabene et al., 2006). â€Å"It is essential to maintain an appropriate mix between the different types of health promoters and caregivers to ensure the systems success† (Kabene et al., 2006). HR is responsible for maintaining sound relationships between different health promoters and care givers. For example, videoconferencing techniques are widely used in healthcare sector while doctors conduct complex surgeries. This modern technique helps doctors to get expert advice from distant parts at the time of conducting surgery. HR is responsible for coordinating such things. â€Å"Better use of the spectrum of health care providers and better coordination of patient services through interdisciplinary teamwork have been recommended as part of health sector reform† (Kabene et al., 2006). HR is responsible for implementing reforms in a healthcare organization. It should be noted that the needs of patient in one locality may not be the same in another locality. HR is responsible for identifying the needs of both the patients and that of the healthcare professionals and take necessary actions to satisfy both. â€Å"A healthcare manager must be familiar with different federal and state laws

Tesco: Strategic Management Analysis

Tesco: Strategic Management Analysis Introduction This unit discuss about the strategic management and leadership of the organization. So in this report discuss about the relationship between strategic management and leadership and impact on strategic decisions. As next question discuss about the support of management and leadership theory on organizational direction and consider about the impact of management and leadership styles on Tesco PLCs growth strategy and discuss about the leadership strategy of the Tesco. In the third part determine about the leadership requirements and about the current and future leadership requirements of Tesco. Then discuss about the development of leadership requirements and usefulness of selected methods to develop the leadership skills. 1.1 Understand the relationship between strategic management and leadership 1.1.1 Relationship between Strategic Management and Leadership The organizational strategy is determine by the first person or top management of the organization, then the strategy was formulated and implemented as two parts. The using effective management of strategy process can be express as a strategic management. The strategic management helps to achieve the organizational goals and objectives to create competitive advantage. The strategies are not only created by the top management but due to forces of the leadership the strategies were implemented and carrying out by the organizations. Sometimes the leadership created the situation for need of strategic change in the organization. The leadership is very influential and motivates the people in terms of achievement of the organizational expectations. Therefore the leadership was affect to the organizational activities and the strategic management process. Therefore these are a relationship between strategic management and leadership. The different leadership styles of affect to the organizat ional establishment of vision, mission, goals, establishment of organizational management/ structure/ culture, rules and regulations and etc of related activities of strategic management process. (Hill and Jones 2007) 1.1.2 Impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decisions The management styles The management style of Peter Drucker explained the setting of objectives of the organization, plan organize the work in to a specific manner, motivate the employees and other managers to work, performance / achievements/ communication measuring based on the objectives and employee development. This clearly identifies the influence from the management style to the strategy process of the organization, means the strategic decisions were also impacted on management style of Peter Drucker. As next management style is F.W. Taylors scientific management system of management of organizational activities. In this style the manager provided the specific way of doing each an every task to utilize the work, the employee will motivate through paying incentives and all tasks were change according to the scientific management style. That means the strategic decisions were affected by the scientific style of management. (Source: http://www.scribd.com/doc/30457447/Principles-of-Management-Lecture-Notes-for-MBA) The leadership styles The trait theory provides the leader was born to lead the others with specific characteristics (appearance, personality, voice, participation, capacity) and qualities. The employees accept his decisions in any time that means this leader can influence to the strategic decisions of the organization. The next leadership theory discuss was about situational theory with change according to the situation of the organization. The four situations of (a) tell- the leader tells to the subordinates about specific instructions (b) sell- the subordinates receives the independence to work under investigation of the leader (c) participate- the employees will take collective decisions about the organization (d) delegate- leader look at until the subordinates come up to the targets. These all four situations impact to the strategic decisions of the organization. (Source: http://www.infed.org/leadership/traditional_leadership.htm) 1.1.3 Leadership styles can be adapted to different situations The strategy of the Tesco was a long term strategy to growth of the customer expansion in high market share all over the world. This strategy express the correct decision of the leader, that means the market share cannot be instantly increase, more time is required. On the other hand within the last two to three years the economy was down turn very much, most of the companies face to the loss of market share. Therefore the improvement of market share within a short period of time was not practical. The decision making of Tesco was due to successfulness of long term strategy implementation. The other decision of the Tesco was the diversified the business. Due to this diversification reduce the complex within the business affairs. Each sub set earn own profits and different growth rates and provides the way for easy to benchmark purposes and improve performance, diversified decision making and all. Tesco invest in the recession time to improve the customer facilities, infrastructure, customer offers and for employee contribution. Through this strategic decision in recession time the customers and employees was happy and it was a competitive advantage over other organizations in for being a recession time. According to the situation of the business environment Tesco take the correct strategic decision to improve business affairs and profits. 1.2 Apply management and leadership theory to support organizational direction 1.2.1 Impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organizational growth strategy The Tesco was diversified the business in to groups to perform. Therefore the groups discuss their strategy in regular basis. The whole group also gathered and discusses strategic issues by taking two full days in the Board meeting. As the teamwork management style the Tesco provided the directions to understand the individual group tasks and perform in the diversified business unit of Tesco. (Source:http://www.dandb.com/credit-resources/human-resources-management/ways-to-effectively-manage) The participatory leadership style is more appropriate to discuss about the leadership style of the Tesco. The leader provided the group decisions about the organizational policy making and organizational activity planning. The employees, customers and other stakeholders were gathered and considered their implications. Due to this leadership style the organization created the leaders to handle the international and UK business of Tesco. (Source: http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2010/02/leadership-of-tesco.html) 1.2.2 Leadership strategy that supports future direction of Tesco The Tesco has a vision of building the high returns to the shareholders, achieve the customer loyalty and quality of satisfaction from Tesco products and services and satisfy the all stakeholders involved in the business of Tesco. This clearly express the Tesco has a clear vision. Through the vision leadership strategy the Tesco has a vision of the current organizational position in the world market, conducted a capacity of vision in the future growth, has a clear vision of the organizational current pathway and has a goal of the future growth perspectives. Therefore the vision leadership strategy supports the directions of Tesco. (Source: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/strategy.html) 1.3 Assess leadership requirements 1.3.1 Appropriate methods to review current leadership requirements In the Tesco Plc. employee were empowered by the organization to improve their performance and motivate them. The best performance rewards the share options as well. Therefore to lead the employees in to a correct way the leadership required a, communication between employees, encourage them, adapt them to changes, increase the responsibility among employees, eliminate the conflicts and so on are required in the current organizational context of Tesco. Therefore the Tesco required a leadership to develop communication among the employees, identify the interest of the employees and take the decisions, solve the conflicts among the employees, improve the flexibility among the employees and the management. (Source: http://www.ccl.org/leadership/pdf/research/cclLeadershipDevelopment.pdf) 1.3.2 The development of future leadership requirements The Tesco is operating as diversified business units. Due to globalization the retail business will growth very fast as well. Then the Tesco needs different sophisticated technological techniques to develop and carry out the organizational complex operations. The competitive advantage helps to achieve the market share in the global market. The one of the main objective of the Tesco is also the achievement of high profit margins through international and UK market. Therefore the leadership will be highly influential on achieving the competitive advantage to the organization. Some of the employees in the Tesco has stakes of the Tesco, therefore they can be overconfidence and empowered in the future due to the size of their stakes, so the leadership must be there to control them in ethical manner to eliminate the badly influence in business affairs. (Source: http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2010/02/leadership-of-tesco.html) 1.4 Plan the development of leadership skills 1.4.1 Development of leadership skills for a Tesco Plc There is diversified business units required a leadership therefore to lead these diversified business units the Tesco required to develop professional skills of the employee to perform according to the condition of the business units business affairs. The Tesco is a global business therefore the most of the leaders must have to work in the outside of the UK of home country, when working in other country there are different behaviors, cultures, ethics and social environment. Therefore the Tesco required improving the different leadership skills of the employees to communication skills, negotiation skills, decision making skills and so on. (Source: http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2010/02/leadership-of-tesco.html) 1.4.2 Usefulness of methods to plan the development of leadership skills The professional skills can be improved through discussion with senior managers of the Tesco. The discussion with the senior managers help to get the information about the leadership methods, different behaviors needed in different situations, different aspects of leaderships and etc. And there are nearly 34% of the managers have at least one year experience of working outside the home country, so the discuss with about their experience help to identify the different behaviors, cultures, appropriate leadership styles of those countries. On job training will improve the decision making skills, negotiation skills and etc. the improvement of these skills help to leader to manage any critical situation in the organization and will be able to control the situation. The informal learning will improve the communication skills of the individual leader. Through the communication skills the leader can change the minds of the employees to acceptable condition in any situation (Lussier andÂà ‚  Achua 2009). Conclusion The leadership influence to the strategic management of the organization. The Peter Drucker, F.W. Taylor of leadership styles influence to the strategic decisions and the leadership styles of trait theory and situational theory were also impact on strategic decisions of the organization. Teamwork management style was suitable to discuss the management style of the Tesco and the participatory leadership style help to identify the organizational strategy. The vision leadership strategy expresses the future direction of Tesco. The Tesco required a leadership to fulfill the current requirements of communication, negotiation, responsibility, eliminate conflicts and so on. Due to diversity and need of competitive advantage create the future leadership requirements to the Tesco and these can be develop through on job training, discussion with seniors and informal learning.